Food Systems At Risk

Transformative Adaptation for Long-Term Food Security

References

Abd-Elhamid, H., A. Javadi, I. Abdelaty, and M. Sherif. 2016. “Simulation of Seawater Intrusion in the Nile Delta Aquifer under the Conditions of Climate Change.” Hydrology Research 47 (6): 1198–1210.

Abrol, D.P. 2012. “Climate Change and Pollinators.” In Pollination Biology. Edited by D.P. Abrol. Dordrecht: Springer, 479–508.

Adaptation Fund. 2017. Request from the Government of Ethiopia for Project Funding from the Adaptation Fund. Final Draft. Washington, DC: Adaptation Fund.

Aggarwal, P., S. Vyas, P. Thornton, and B.M. Campbell. 2019. “How Much Does Climate Change Add to the Challenge of Feeding the Planet This Century?” Environmental Research Letters 14 (4).

Alston, P. 2019. Climate Change and Poverty: Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights. Human Rights Council of the United Nations General Assembly. https://undocs.org/A/HRC/41/39.

Amaro, G. 2017. “Opinion: Chavimochic Expansion an Agri-export Project That’s Worth It for Peru.” Agricultural Association of Producer Unions via FreshFruitPortal.com. https://www.freshfruitportal.com/news/2017/12/12/opinion-chavimochic-expansion-agri-export-project-thats-worth-peru/.

Ashley, L., R. Choularton, R. Carter, T. Ferdinand, N. Ginoya, P. Preethan, and N. Appadurai. 2020. “Applying Climate Services (CS) to Transformative Adaptation in Agriculture.” Working Paper. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

Atlas Big. n.d. “World Coffee Production by Country.” Accessed May 7, 2021. https://www.atlasbig.com/en-gb/countries-by-coffee-production.

Bapna, M., C. Brandon, C. Chan, A. Patwardhan, and B. Dickson, eds. 2019. Adapt Now: A Global Call for Leadership on Climate Resilience. Report of the Global Commission on Adaptation. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

Barrett, T., G. Feola, V. Krylova, and M. Khusnitdinova. 2017. “The Application of Rapid Appraisal of Agricultural Innovation Systems (RAAIS) to Agricultural Adaptation to Climate Change in Kazakhstan: A Critical Evaluation.” Agricultural Systems 151: 106–113. ISSN 0308-521X. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2016.11.014. Available at http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/68364/.

Basannagari, B., and C.P. Kala. 2013. “Climate Change and Apple Farming in Indian Himalayas: A Study of Local Perceptions and Responses.” PLoS One 8 (10): e77976.

Benton, T.G., D. Fairweather, A. Graves, J. Harris, A. Jones, T. Lenton, R. Norman, et al. 2017. Environmental Tipping Points and Food System Dynamics: Main Report. Swindon, England: The Global Food Security Pogramme.

Berwyn, B. 2020. “The Worst-Case Scenario for Global Warming Tracks Closely with Actual Emissions.” Inside Climate News, August 3. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/03082020/climate-change-scenarios-emissions/.

Binet, S., M. De Bruijn, D. Horikoshi, R. Kim, B. Lee, M. Markrich, P. Mwandri, et al. 2021. Independent Evaluation of the Adaptation Portfolio and Approach of the Green Climate Fund. Evaluation Report No. 9, February. Songdo, South Korea: Independent Evaluation Unit, Green Climate Fund. https://ieu.greenclimate.fund/sites/default/files/document/210223-adaptation-final-report-top.pdf.

Boateng, G. 2017. “Agricultural Transformation in Africa: The Myths, Key Issues, and the New Pathway.” Blog. African Center for Economic Transformation, September 12. https://acetforafrica.org/media/blogs/agricultural-transformation-in-africa-the-myths-key-issues-and-the-new-pathway/.

Brück, T., and M. d’Errico. 2019. “Reprint of: Food Security and Violent Conflict: Introduction to the Special Issue.” World Development 119: 145–49.

Buchner, B.A., A. Clark, R. Falconer, C. Macquarie, R. Meattle, R. Tolentino, and C. Wetherbee. 2019. Global Landscape of Climate Finance. London: Climate Policy Initiative. https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/publication/global-landscape-of-climate-finance-2019/.

Buytaert, W., S. Moulds, L. Acosta, B. De Bievre, C. Olmos, M. Villacis, C. Tovar, et al. 2017. “Glacial Melt Content of Water Use in the Tropical Andes.” Environmental Research Letters 12: 114014.

CAF (Corporacion Andina de Fomento; Development Bank of Latin America). 2013. “CAF Approves USD303 Million to Finance Peru’s Chavimochic III Water Treatment Project.” CAF News, December 3. https://www.caf.com/en/currently/news/2013/12/caf-approves-usd303-million-to-finance-perus-chavimochic-iii-water-treatment-project.

Carter, R., and S. Tye. 2018. “Thanks to Climate Change, Oranges Are Becoming the New Coffee in Some Parts of Costa Rica.” Blog. World Resources Institute, September 12. https://www.wri.org/blog/2018/08/thanks-climate-change-oranges-are-becoming-new-coffee-some-parts-costa-rica.

Carter, R., T. Ferdinand, and C. Chan. 2018. “Transforming Agriculture for Climate Resilience: A Framework for Systemic Change.” Working Paper. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

Casey, N. 2017. “In Peru’s Deserts, Melting Glaciers Are a Godsend (Until They’re Gone).” New York Times, November 26. https://www.nytimes. com/2017/11/26/world/americas/peru-climate-change.html.

CGWB (Central Ground Water Board, India). 2016. Project Wise Impact Assessment of Completed Demonstrative Artificial Recharge Projects of XI Plan. New Delhi: Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation. http://cgwb.gov.in/AR/Document/Interim_Report-1_20.10..2016.pdf.

Climate Institute. 2016. “A Brewing Storm: The Climate Change Risks to Coffee.” Sydney: Climate Institute.

Cooper, G.S., S. Willcock, and J.A. Dearing. 2020. “Regime Shifts Occur Disproportionately Faster in Larger Ecosystems.” Nature Communications 11 (1175).

Craparo, A.C.W., P.J.A. Van Asten, P. Läderach, L.T.P. Jassogne, and S.W. Grab. 2015. “Coffee Arabica Yields Decline in Tanzania Due to Climate Change: Global Implications.” Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 207: 1–10.

Craves, J. 2011. “How ‘Wild’ Is Ethiopian Forest Coffee?” Coffee & Conservation. https://www.coffeehabitat.com/2011/02/ethiopia-wild-forest-coffee/.

Croitoru, L., J.J. Miranda, and M. Sarraf. 2019. The Cost of Coastal Zone Degradation in West Africa: Benin, Côte D’Ivoire, Senegal and Togo. Washington, DC: The World Bank.

De Pinto, A., E. Bryan, C. Ringler, and N. Cenacchi. 2019. “Adapting the Global Food System to New Climate Realities: Guiding Principles and Priorities.” WRI background paper for the Global Commission on Adaptation. https://www.wri.org/initiatives/global-commission-adaptation/background-papers.

Drèze, J., and A. Sen. 2002. India: Development and Participation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

DWR (Department of Water Resources, India). 2017. Artificial Recharge and Rainwater Harvesting Studies. Ministry of Jal Shakti, Department of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation. http://www.mowr.gov.in/artificial-recharge-and-rainwater-harvesting-studies.

EIAR (Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research). 2017. Coffee, Tea and Spices Research Strategy 2016-2030. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research.

Ericksen, S., E.L. Schipper, M. Scoville-Simonds, K. Harding, et al. 2021. “Adaptation Interventions and Their Effect on Vulnerability in Developing Countries: Help, Hindrance or Irrelevance?” World Development 141.

FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). n.d. Overview. Agroecology Knowledge Hub. Database. Rome: FAO. Accessed September 12, 2020.

FAO. 2014. CLIMPAG: Hotspots Archive. Database. Rome: FAO.

FAO. 2015. “MOSAICC: A Modelling System for the Assessment of the Agricultural Impacts of Climate Change.” Rome: FAO. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5294e.pdf.

FAO. 2017. “Migration, Agriculture and Climate Change.” Rome: FAO. http://www.fao.org/emergencies/resources/documents/resources-detail/en/c/1106745/.

FAO. 2020a. “Food Security and Nutrition around the World in 2020.” Executive Summary in The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020. Rome: FAO. http://www.fao.org/3/ca9692en/online/ca9692en.html#chapter-executive_summary.

FAO. 2020b. Crops. FAOSTAT. Database. Rome: FAO.

FAO and ICARDA (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas). 2017. Crop Ecology, Cultivation and Uses of Cactus Pear. Rome: FAO and ICARDA. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i7012e.pdf.

Faruque, G., R.H. Sarwer, M. Karim, M. Phillips, W. Collis, B. Belton, and L. Kassam. 2016. “The Evolution of Aquatic Agricultural Systems in Southwest Bangladesh in Response to Salinity and Other Drivers of Change.” International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 15 (2): 185–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2016.1193424.

Ferdinand, T., S. Tye, B.S. Gebregziabher, and R. Carter. 2020. Driving System Shifts for Climate Resilience: Case Studies of Transformative Adaptation in Bhutan, Ethiopia, and Costa Rica. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. https://www.wri.org/publication/driving-system-shifts-climate-resilience.

Ferdinand, T., E. Illick-Frank, L. Postema, J. Stephenson, A. Rose, D. Petrovic, C. Migisha, et al. Forthcoming. “A Blueprint for Digital Climate-Informed Advisory Services: Building Resilience of 300 Million Small-Scale Producers by 2030.” Working Paper. Washington, DC and Rotterdam: Global Commission on Adaptation.

Gaupp, F., J. Hall, D. Mitchell, and S. Dadson. 2019. “Increasing Risks of Multiple Breadbasket Failure under 1.5 and 2°C Global Warming.” Agricultural Systems 175: 34–45.

GCF (Green Climate Fund). 2019. “Project FP107: Supporting Climate Resilience and Transformational Change in the Agriculture Sector in Bhutan.” Projects + Programmes. https://www.greenclimate.fund/projects/fp107?inheritRedirect=true&redirect=%2Fwhat-we-do%2Fprojects-programmes.

GCR (Government of Costa Rica). 2018. Política nacional de adaptación al cambio climático de Costa Rica: 2018–2030. (National climate change adaptation policy of Costa Rica: 2018–2030). San José, Costa Rica: Government of Costa Rica.

Gerten, W., S. Ostberg, J. Heinke, M. Kowarsch, H. Kreft, Z. Kundzewicz, J. Rastgooy, et al. 2013. “Asynchronous Exposure to Global Warming: Freshwater Resources and Terrestrial Ecosystems.” Environmental Research Letters 8 (3). https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/034032/meta#erl472982fig2.

Giannini, T.C., W.F. Costa, G.D. Cordeiro, V.L. Imperatriz-Fonseca, A.M. Saraiva, J. Biesmeijer, and L.A. Garibaldi. 2017. “Projected Climate Change Threatens Pollinators and Crop Production in Brazil.” PLoS One 12 (8): e0182274.

Gleick, P., and C. Iceland. “Water, Security, and Conflict.” Issue Brief. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

Gmünder, S., C. Toro, J.M. Rojas Acosta, N. Rodriguez Valencia, et al. n.d. Environmental Footprint of Coffee in Colombia Guidance Document. Quantis, Centro Nacional para la Producción Más Limpia, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria AGROSAVIA, Federación Nacional de Cafeteros de Colombia Centro Nacional de Investigaciones de Café Cenicafé, et al.

Gourdji, S.M., A.M. Sibley, and D.B. Lobell. 2013. “Global Crop Exposure to Critical High Temperatures in the Reproductive Period: Historical Trends and Future Projections.” Environmental Research Letters 8: 024041.

Hendrix, C., and I. Salehyan. 2012. “Climate Change, Rainfall and Social Conflict in Africa.” Journal of Peace Research: 49 (1): 35–50.

Hsiang, S., K. Meng, and M. Cane. 2011. “Civil Conflicts Are Associated with the Global Climate.” Nature 476: 438–41.

Huang, J., M. Ji, Y. Xie, S. Wang, Y. He, and J. Ran. 2016. “Global Semi-arid Climate Change over Last 60 Years.” Climate Dynamics 46: 1131–50.

Iceland, C. 2017. “Water Stress Is Helping Drive Conflict and Migration.” Commentary. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

IE&P (Institute for Economics & Peace). 2020. Ecological Threat Register 2020: Understanding Ecological Threats, Resilience and Peace, September. Sydney: IE&P. http://visionofhumanity.org/reports.

IIFMB (Indian Institute of Forest Management Bhopal). 2006. Natural Resource Accounting of Land and Forestry Sector (Excluding Mining) for the States of Madhya Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh. Report submitted to Central Statistical Organization, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India, New Delhi. Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh: Indian Institute of Forest Management Bhopal.

ILO (International Labour Organization). 2013. “ILOSTAT Country Profiles—Ethiopia.” https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/country-profiles/.

IMI (Integrated Mountain Initiative). 2019. State of the Himalayan Farmers and Farming: A Study about Social, Ecological and Economic Factors Changing the Mountain Farming Scenario. New Delhi: IMI. https://www.inmi.in/images/IMI_FAO_Report_on_SOMA.pdf.

India Science Wire. 2017. “Himchal Farmers Start Growing Pomegranate and Cabbage as Apple Lines Recede Due to Climate Change.” Shimla, India. First published November 29, 2017; last updated January 9, 2018.

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2014. “Adaptation needs and options.” In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by C.B, Field, V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, et. Al. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 833-868.

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2019. Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty, edited by V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, et al.

Kagunyu, A.W., and J. Wanjohi. 2014. “Camel Rearing Replacing Cattle Production among the Borana Community in Isiolo County of Northern Kenya, as Climate Variability Bites.” Pastoralism 4 (13).

Kath, J., V.M. Byrareddy, A. Craparo, T. Nguyen-Huy, S. Mushtaq, L. Cao, and L. Bossolasco. 2020. “Not So Robust, Robusta Coffee Production Is Highly Sensitive to Temperature.” Global Change Biology 26 (6).

Kifelew, H., G. Hailemichael, Z. Mulatu, D. Bekele, A. Getu, H. Tessema, and T. Yigezu. 2016. “Result of Vanilla (Vanilla planifolia) Adaptation Study in Ethiopia.” International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences 2 (5): 35–8.

Killeen, T.J, and G. Harper. 2016. Coffee in the 21st Century: Will Climate Change and Increased Demand Lead to New Deforestation? Arlington, Virginia: Conservation International.

Kole, C., M. Muthamilarasan, R. Henry, D. Edwards, R. Sharma, M. Abberton, J. Batley, et al. 2015. “Application of Genomics-Assisted Breeding for Generation of Climate Resilient Crops: Progress and Prospects.” Frontiers in Plant Science 5: 563.

Lal, N. 2016. “Climate Migrants Lead Mass Migration to India’s Cities.” Inter Press Service, July 27. https://reliefweb.int/report/india/climate-migrants-lead-mass-migration-india-s-cities.

Linger, E. 2014. “Agro-ecosystem and Socio-economic Role of Homegarden Agroforestry in Jabithenan District, North-Western Ethiopia: Implication for Climate Change Adaptation.” SpringerPlus 3 (154). https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-3-154.

Lynch, B. 2015. “Can the Technocrats Calm Peru’s Troubled Waters?” North American Congress on Latin America, February 9. https://nacla.org/article/can-technocrats-calm-perus-troubledwaters.

Mani, M., S. Bandyopadhyay, S. Chonabayashi, A. Markandya, and T. Mosier. 2018. South Asia’s Hotspots: Impacts of Temperature and Precipitation Changes on Living Standards. Washington, DC: World Bank Group.

MEFR (Ministry of Environment and Fishery Resources, Burkina Faso). 2015. Burkina Faso National Climate Change Adaptation Plan (NAP). Main Volume, Final Version. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso: Ministry of Environment and Fishery Resources, Government of Burkina Faso.

Moat, J., J. Williams, S. Baena, T. Wilkinson, T.W. Gole, Z.K. Challa, S. Demissew, et al. 2017. “Resilience Potential of the Ethiopian Coffee Sector under Climate Change.” Nature Plants 3: 17801.

Nakicenovic, N., and R. Swart, eds. 2000. Special Report on Emissions Scenarios. A Special Report of Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeCambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Naylor, R.L., W. Falcon, R.M. Goodman, M.M. Jahn, T. Sengooba, J. Tefera, and R.J. Nelson. 2004. “Biotechnology in the Developing World: A Case for Increased Investments in Orphan Crops.” Food Policy 29 (1): 15–44.

Niles, M.T., and M.E. Brown. 2017. “A Multi-country Assessment of Factors Related to Smallholder Food Security in Varying Rainfall Conditions.” Scientific Reports 7 (16277).

Niles, M.T., and J.D. Salerno. 2018. “A Cross-Country Analysis of Climate Shocks and Smallholder Food Insecurity.” PLoS One 13 (2): e0192928.

Niles, M., T. Ferdinand, R. Choularton, and R. Carter. 2020. “Opportunities for Crop Research, Development, and Adoption to Drive Transformative Adaptation in Agriculture.” Working Paper. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

NPC (National Planning Commission, Ethiopia). 2016. Ethiopia Growth and Transformation Plan II (GTP II). National Development Plan. Addis Ababa: National Planning Commission.

Ovalle Rivera, O. 2018. "Impacto del cambio climático sobre la aptitud del cultivo de café en Costa Rica" ("Impact of climate change on coffee growing suitability in Costa Rica”). Cali, Colombia: International Center for Tropical Agriculture (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical; CIAT). Accessed through PREPdata. https://bit.ly/3kRTASc.

Oyugi, M.A., D.M. Amudavi, J.O.M. Nandi, and J.M. Ombati. 2015. “Gendered Roles in Bambara Production Activities: A Case of Butere and Mumias Districts, Kenya.” International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences 7 (15): 1514–18.

Parker, L., C. Bourgoin, A. Martinez-Valle, and P. Laderach. 2019. “Vulnerability of the Agricultural Sector to Climate Change: The Development of a Pan-tropical Climate Risk Vulnerability Assessment to Inform Sub-national Decision Making.” PLoS ONE 14 (3): e0213641.

Partnerships for Forests. n.d. “Ethiopia Forest Coffee: Frequently Asked Questions.” Accessed June 1, 2018. https://partnershipsforforests.com/what-we-do/ethiopia-forest-coffee-frequently-asked-questions/.

Pelling, M. 2011. Adaptation to Climate Change: From Resilience to Transformation. London: Routledge.

Pelling, M., K. O’Brien, and D. Matyas. 2014. “Adaptation and Transformation.” Climatic Change 133 (1): 113–27.

Porter, J.R., L. Xie, A.J. Challinor, K. Cochrane, S.M. Howden, M.M. Iqbal, D.B. Lobell, et al. 2014. “Food Security and Food Production Systems.” In Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects, edited by C.B. Field, V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, et al. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 485–533.

PSB (Plurinational State of Bolivia). 2016. “Intended Nationally Determined Contribution from the Plurinational State of Bolivia.”

Ramirez-Cabral, N.Y.Z., L. Kumar, and F. Shabani. 2017. “Global Alterations in Areas of Suitability for Maize Production from Climate Change and Using a Mechanistic Species Distribution Model (CLIMEX).” Scientific Reports 7 (5910).

Rahimzadeh, A. 2017. “Political Ecology of Climate Change: Shifting Orchards and a Temporary Landscape Opportunity.” World Development Perspectives 6: 25–31.

Rippke, U., J. Ramirez-Villegas, A. Jarvis, S.J. Vermeulen, L. Parker, F. Mer, B. Diekkruger, et al. “Timescales of Transformational Climate Change Adaptation in Sub-Saharan African Agriculture.” Nature Climate Change 6: 605–09.

Robinson, S., D. Mason d’Croz, S. Islam, T. Sulser, R. Robertson, T. Zhu, A. Gueneau, et al. 2015. “The International Model for Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Trade (IMPACT): Model Description for Version 3.” IFPRI Discussion Paper 1483. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/129825.

Ross, K., K. Hite, R. Waite, R. Carter, L. Pegorsch, T. Damassa, and R. Gasper. 2019. “NDC Enhancement: Opportunities in Agriculture.” Working Paper. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

Salman, R., T. Ferdinand, R. Choularton, and R. Carter. 2019. “Transformative Adaptation in Livestock Production Systems.” Working Paper. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

Schmall, E. 2010. “Peru Water Wars Threaten Agricultural Export Boom.” Reuters, September 9. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-water-feature/peru-water-wars-threaten-agricultural-export-boom-idUSTRE6885QF20100909.

Searchinger, T., R. Waite, C. Hanson, J. Ranganathan, P. Dumas, and E. Matthews. 2018. Creating a Sustainable Food Future: A Menu of Solutions to Feed Nearly 10 Billion People by 2050. Synthesis Report. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

Sharma, H.R. 2011. “Crop Diversification in Himachal Pradesh: Patterns, Determinants and Challenges.” IGIDR Proceedings/Project Series. New Delhi: India International Centre.

Sherwood, S., M.J. Webb, J.D. Annan, K.C. Armour, P.M. Forster, J.C. Hargreaves, G. Hegerl, et al. 2020. “An Assessment of Earth’s Climate Sensitivity Using Multiple Lines of Evidence.” Reviews of Geophysics 58 (4).

Shriver, J. 2015. “Responding to the Climate Crisis through Crop Diversification.” Blog. Catholic Relief Services, Coffeelands. https://coffeelands.crs.org/2015/10/responding-to-the-climate-crisis-through-crop-diversification/.

Sloat, L.L., S.J. Davis, J.S. Gerber, F.C. Moore, D.K. Ray, P.C. West, and N.D. Mueller. 2020. “Climate Adaptation by Crop Migration.” Nature Communications 11 (1243).

Tadele, Z., and K. Assefa. 2012. “Increasing Food Production in Africa by Boosting the Productivity of Understudied Crops.” Agronomy 2 (4): 240–83.

Tan, X., Y. Yang, Y. Wang, L. Wang, and G. Sun. 2016. “The Decrease of Potential Suitable Areas and the Distribution Tendency of Staple Crops in Ethiopia under Future Climate Conditions.” African Journal of Agricultural Research 11 (24): 2092–2101.

Tefera, A., and T. Tefera. 2014. Ethiopia Annual Report. Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Information Network.

Thanuja, P., and N.K. Singh. 2017. “An Economic Analysis of Cost and Return of Coffee Production in Kodagu District of Karnataka.” International Research Journal of Agricultural Economics and Statistics 8: 366–75.

Thokchom, A., B.N. Hazarika, and T. Angami. 2019. “Dragon Fruit: An Advanced Potential Crop for Northeast India. Agriculture & Food: e-Newsletter 1 (4): 253–54.

Thornton, P.K., M. Herrero, A. Freeman, O. Mwai, E. Rege, P. Jones, and J. McDermott. 2008. Vulnerability, Climate Change and Livestock: Research Opportunities and Challenges for Poverty Alleviation. Nairobi: International Livestock Research Institute.

Thornton, P.K., A.M. Loboguerrero, B.M. Campbell, K.S. Kavikumar, L. Mercado, and S. Shackleton. 2019. “Rural Livelihoods, Food Security and Rural Transformation under Climate Change.” WRI background paper for the Global Commission on Adaptation. https://www.wri.org/initiatives/global-commission-adaptation/background-papers.

Tye, S., and D. Grinspan. 2020. “Building a Climate-Resilient Future for Costa Rica’s Coffee Farming Communities: A Case Study of the Coto Brus Region.” Working Paper. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

UCS (Union of Concerned Scientists). 2011. “Climate Hot Map,” September 12. http://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-locations/index.html.

UNDP (United Nations Development Program). 2014. Foresight as a Strategic Long-Term Planning Tool for Developing Countries. Global Centre for Public Service Excellence. https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/capacity-building/global-centre-for-public-service-excellence/Foresight.html.

UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). 1998. Mitigation and Adaptation Cost Assessment: Concepts, Methods and Appropriate Use. Roskilde, Denmark: UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment.

UNEP. 2018. The Adaptation Gap Report. Nairobi: UNEP. https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/adaptation-gap-report.

UNESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs/Population Division). 2019. World Population Prospects 2019. Volume I: Comprehensive Table. New York: United Nations.

UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change). 2011. Report of the Conference of the Parties on Its Sixteenth Session, Held in Cancun from 29 November to 10 December 2010. Addendum – Part Two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its sixteenth session. https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2010/cop16/eng/07a01.pdf.

UNFCCC. 2018a. Progress in the Process to Formulate and Implement National Adaptation Plans. Note by the Secretariat. Forty-Ninth Session, December 2–8. Katowice, Poland: UNFCCC Subsidiary Body for Implementation. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/sbi2018inf13.pdf.

UNFCCC. 2018b. Report of the Conference of the Parties on Its Twenty-Third Session, Held in Bonn from 6 to 19 November 2017. Addendum – Part Two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its twenty-third session. Decision 4/CP.23, FCCC/CP/2017/Add.1. https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2017/cop23/eng/11a01.pdf.

UNFCCC. 2019. Elaboration of the Sources of and Modalities for Accessing Financial Support for Addressing Loss and Damage. Technical paper by the Secretariat, 4. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/01_0.pdf.

UNFCCC. 2020. Progress in the Process to Formulate and Implement National Adaptation Plans. Note by the Secretariat, November 20. UNFCCC Subsidiary Body for Implementation. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/sbi2020_inf13.pdf.

USGS and USAID (United States Geological Survey and United States Agency for International Development). 2012. A Climate Trend Analysis of Ethiopia. Famine Early Warning Systems Network—Informing Climate Change Adaptation Series, 6.

Van der Geest, K., and K. Warner. 2015. “What the IPCC 5th Assessment Report Has to Say about Loss and Damage.” UNU-EHS Working Paper No. 21. Bonn, Germany: United Nations University Institute of Environment and Human Security.

Varshney, R.K., J. Ribaut, E.S. Buckler, R. Tuberosa, J.A. Rafalski, and P. Langridge. 2012. “Can Genomics Boost Productivity of Orphan Crops?” Nature Biotechnology 30 (12): 1172–76.

Viste, E., D. Korecha, and A. Sorteberg. 2013. “Recent Drought and Precipitation Tendencies in Ethiopia.” Theoretical and Applied Climatology 112 (3–4): 535–51.

Wallace-Wells, D. 2019. The Uninhabitable Earth. London: Allen Lane.

World Bank. 2018. Internal Climate Migration in Latin America. Groundswell Policy Note #3. Washington, DC: World Bank Group.

WRI (World Resources Institute). 2018. The GCF’s Approach to Adaptation: Analysis and Implications for the Fund. gcf-b21-inf03-add01.pdf (greenclimate.fund).

XinhuaNet. 2020. “Across China: Herdsmen Milk Fortune from Camel Industry,” October 6. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-10/06/c_139422025.htm.

Xu, C., T.A. Kohler, T.M. Lenton, J. Svenning, and M. Scheffer. 2020. “Future of the Human Climate Niche.” PNAS 117 (21): 11350­–55.

Ycharts. 2021. “Coffee Robusta Price.” https://ycharts.com/indicators/world_coffee_robusta_price.

Start reading