Better Forests, Better Cities

References

Abhijith, K.V., P. Kumar, J. Gallagher, A. McNabola, R. Baldauf, F. Pilla, B. Broderick, S. Di Sabatino, and B. Pulvirenti. 2017. “Air Pollution Abatement Performances of Green Infrastructure in Open Road and Built-Up Street Canyon Environments: A Review.” Atmospheric Environment 162 (August): 71–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.05.014.

Adams, L.W. 1994. Urban Wildlife Habitats: A Landscape Perspective. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. https://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/urban-wildlife-habitats.

Afelt, A., R. Frutos, and C. Devaux. 2018. “Bats, Coronaviruses, and Deforestation: Toward the Emergence of Novel Infectious Diseases?” Frontiers in Microbiology 9 (April): 702. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00702.

Ahern, M., R.S. Kovats, P. Wilkinson, R. Few, and F. Matthies. 2005. “Global Health Impacts of Floods: Epidemiologic Evidence.” Epidemiologic Reviews 27 (1): 36–46. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxi004.

Akbari, H., D.M. Kurn, S.E. Bretz, and J.W. Hanford. 1997. “Peak Power and Cooling Energy Savings of Shade Trees.” Energy and Buildings 25 (2): 139–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7788(96)01003-1.

Akbari, H., M. Pomerantz, and H. Taha. 2001. “Cool Surfaces and Shade Trees to Reduce Energy Use and Improve Air Quality in Urban Areas.” Solar Energy 70 (3): 295–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-092X(00)00089-X.

Akkermans, T., W. Thiery, and N.P.M. Van Lipzig. 2014. “The Regional Climate Impact of a Realistic Future Deforestation Scenario in the Congo Basin.” Journal of Climate 27 (7): 2714–34. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00361.1.

Albaugh, J.M., P.J. Dye, and J.S. King. 2013. “Eucalyptus and Water Use in South Africa.” International Journal of Forestry Research 2013: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/852540.

Alfsen, M. n.d. “The Day the Norwegians Rejected Palm Oil and Deforestation.” Rainforest Foundation Norway. https://www.regnskog.no/en/long-reads-about-life-in-the-rainforest/the-day-the-norwegians-rejected-palm-oil-and-deforestation-1. Accessed April 14, 2021.

Alimi, Y., A. Berstein, J. Epstein, M. Espinal, M. Kakkar, D. Kochevar, and G. Werneck. 2021. Report of the Scientific Task Force on Preventing Pandemics. Boston: Harvard Global Health Institute and the Center for Climate, Health, and the Global Environment, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. https://cdn1.sph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2343/2021/08/PreventingPandemicsAug2021.pdf.

Allan, B.F., F. Keesing, and R.S. Ostfeld. 2003. “Effect of Forest Fragmentation on Lyme Disease Risk.” Conservation Biology 17 (1): 267–72. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01260.x.

Allkin, B. 2017. “Useful Plants—Medicines: At Least 28,187 Plant Species Are Currently Recorded as Being of Medicinal Use.” In State of the World’s Plants 2017, edited by K.J. Willis. London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK464488/.

Alvarez-Garreton, C., A. Lara, J.P. Boisier, and M. Galleguillos. 2019. “The Impacts of Native Forests and Forest Plantations on Water Supply in Chile.” Forests 10 (6): 473. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10060473.

Amini Parsa, V., E. Salehi, A.R. Yavari, and P.M. van Bodegom. 2019. “Analyzing Temporal Changes in Urban Forest Structure and the Effect on Air Quality Improvement.” Sustainable Cities and Society 48 (July): 101548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101548

Anderegg, W.R.L., A.T. Trugman, G. Badgley, C.M. Anderson, A. Bartuska, P. Ciais, D. Cullenward, et al. 2020. “Climate-Driven Risks to the Climate Mitigation Potential of Forests.” Science 368 (6497): eaaz7005. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz7005.

Anderson, C.M., R.S. DeFries, R. Litterman, P.A. Matson, D.C. Nepstad, S. Pacala, W.H. Schlesinger, et al. 2019. “Natural Climate Solutions Are Not Enough.” Science 363 (6430): 933–34. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw2741.

Anderson, J., T. Gartner, A. Mauroner, and J. Matthews. 2019. “Conservation Finance Takes Off as the Netherlands Issues One of the Largest Green Bonds Ever.” Insights (blog), June 21. https://www.wri.org/insights/conservation-finance-takes-netherlands-issues-one-largest-green-bonds-ever.

Anderson, J., J.R. Pool, S. Ummu Haniy, H. Evers, and P. Narayanan. 2021. “Cities Are Surprising Leaders in Forest Conservation.” Insights (blog), September 22. https://www.wri.org/insights/ways-cities-help-forest-conservation.

Antonelli, M., G. Barbieri, and D. Donelli. 2019. “Effects of Forest Bathing (Shinrin-Yoku) on Levels of Cortisol as a Stress Biomarker: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.” International Journal of Biometeorology 63 (August). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-019-01717-x.

APA (American Planning Association). 2015. “Green City, Clean Waters: Philadelphia’s 21st Century Green Stormwater Infrastructure Program.” https://www.planning.org/awards/2015/greencity.htm.

Aram, F., E. Solgi, E. Higueras García, A. Mosavi, and A.R. Várkonyi-Kóczy. 2019. “The Cooling Effect of Large-Scale Urban Parks on Surrounding Area Thermal Comfort.” Energies 12 (20): 3904. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12203904.

Aronson, M.F.J., F.A. La Sorte, C.H. Nilon, M. Katti, M.A. Goddard, C.A. Lepczyk, P.S. Warren, et al. 2014. “A Global Analysis of the Impacts of Urbanization on Bird and Plant Diversity Reveals Key Anthropogenic Drivers.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281 (1780): 20133330. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.3330.

ASLA (American Society of Landscape Architects). 2016. “2016 ASLA Professional Awards: Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park.” https://www.asla.org/2016awards/169669.html.

Astell-Burt, T., and X. Feng. 2019. “Association of Urban Green Space with Mental Health and General Health among Adults in Australia.” JAMA Network Open 2 (7): e198209. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.8209.

Austin, K.F. 2021. “Degradation and Disease: Ecologically Unequal Exchanges Cultivate Emerging Pandemics.” World Development 137 (January): 105163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105163.

Avissar, R., and D. Werth. 2005b. “Global Hydroclimatological Teleconnections Resulting from Tropical Deforestation.” Journal of Hydrometeorology 6 (2): 134–45. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM406.1.

Baabou, W., N. Grunewald, C. Ouellet-Plamondon, M. Gressot, and A. Galli. 2017. “The Ecological Footprint of Mediterranean Cities: Awareness Creation and Policy Implications.” Environmental Science & Policy 69 (March): 94–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2016.12.013.

Baccini, A., W. Walker, L. Carvalho, M. Farina, D. Sulla-Menashe, and R.A. Houghton. 2017. “Tropical Forests Are a Net Carbon Source Based on Aboveground Measurements of Gain and Loss.” Science 358 (6360): 230–34. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam5962

Bagley, K. 2019. “From a Young Climate Movement Leader, a Determined Call for Action.” Yale Environment 360, November 7. https://e360.yale.edu/features/from-a-young-climate-movement-leader-a-determined-call-for-action.

Bai, X., I. Nath, A. Capon, N. Hasan, and D. Jaron. 2012. “Health and Wellbeing in the Changing Urban Environment: Complex Challenges, Scientific Responses, and the Way Forward.” Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 4 (4): 465–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.09.009.

Bailey, S., F. Requier, B. Nusillard, S.P.M. Roberts, S.G. Potts, and C. Bouget. 2014. “Distance from Forest Edge Affects Bee Pollinators in Oilseed Rape Fields.” Ecology and Evolution 4 (4): 370–80. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.924.

Baldauf, R. 2017. “Roadside Vegetation Design Characteristics That Can Improve Local, Near-Road Air Quality.” Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 52 (May): 354–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.03.013.

Baldauf, R., and D. Nowak. 2014. “Vegetation and Other Development Options for Mitigating Urban Air Pollution Impacts.” In Global Environmental Change, edited by B. Freedman, 479–85. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5784-4_23.

Barcelona City Council. 2017. Trees for Life: Master Plan for Barcelona’s Trees 2017–2030. Barcelona: Ecology, Urban Planning, Infrastructures, and Mobility Area, Barcelona City Council. https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/ecologiaurbana/sites/default/files/Pla-director-arbrat-barcelona-ENG.pdf.

Barlow, J., F. França, T.A. Gardner, C.C. Hicks, G.D. Lennox, E. Berenguer, L. Castello, et al. 2018. "The Future of Hyperdiverse Tropical Ecosystems." Nature 559 (7715): 517–26. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0301-1.

Barwise, Y., and P. Kumar. 2020. “Designing Vegetation Barriers for Urban Air Pollution Abatement: A Practical Review for Appropriate Plant Species Selection.” Climate and Atmospheric Science 3 (12). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-020-0115-3.

Bastin, J.-F., Y. Finegold, C. Garcia, D. Mollicone, M. Rezende, D. Routh, C.M. Zohner, and T.W. Crowther. 2019. “The Global Tree Restoration Potential.” Science 365 (6448): 76–79. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax0848.

Bauhoff, S., and J. Busch. 2020. “Does Deforestation Increase Malaria Prevalence? Evidence from Satellite Data and Health Surveys.” World Development 127 (March): 104734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104734.

Bawa, K.S. 1990. “Plant-Pollinator Interactions in Tropical Rain Forests.” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 21 (1): 399–422. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.21.110190.002151.

Beattie, A.J., M. Hay, B. Magnusson, R. De Nys, J. Smeathers, and J.F.V. Vincent. 2011. “Ecology and Bioprospecting.” Austral Ecology 36 (3): 341–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2010.02170.x.

Beckett, K.P., P.H. Freer-Smith, and G. Taylor. 1998. “Urban Woodlands: Their Role in Reducing the Effects of Particulate Pollution.” Environmental Pollution 99 (3): 347–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(98)00016-5.

Beninde, J., M. Veith, and A. Hochkirch. 2015. “Biodiversity in Cities Needs Space: A Meta-analysis of Factors Determining Intra-urban Biodiversity Variation.” Ecology Letters 18 (6): 581–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12427.

Berland, A., S.A. Shiflett, W.D. Shuster, A.S. Garmestani, H.C. Goddard, D.L. Herrmann, and M.E. Hopton. 2017. “The Role of Trees in Urban Stormwater Management.” Landscape and Urban Planning 162 (June): 167–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.02.017.

Berry, R., S.J. Livesley, and L. Aye. 2013. “Tree Canopy Shade Impacts on Solar Irradiance Received by Building Walls and Their Surface Temperature.” Building and Environment 69 (November): 91–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.07.009.

Bhattacharjee, K., and B. Behera. 2018. “Does Forest Cover Help Prevent Flood Damage? Empirical Evidence from India.” Global Environmental Change 53 (November): 78–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.09.004.

Biesmeijer, J.C., S.P.M. Roberts, M. Reemer, R. Ohlemüller, M. Edwards, T. Peeters, A.P. Schaffers, et al. 2006. "Parallel Declines in Pollinators and Insect-Pollinated Plants in Britain and the Netherlands." Science 313 (5785): 351–54. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1127863.

Birdsey, R.A., N. Harris, D. Lee, and S. Ogle. 2019. “USCP—Appendix J: Forest Land and Trees.” US Community Protocol, April 16. https://us-protocol.pubpub.org/pub/v732gbdy/release/1.

Blue Forest Conservation. n.d. “About the Forest Resilience Bond.” https://www.blueforest.org/forest-resilience-bond. Accessed June 14, 2020.

Blum, A.G., P.J. Ferraro, S.A. Archfield, and K.R. Ryberg. 2020. “Causal Effect of Impervious Cover on Annual Flood Magnitude for the United States.” Geophysical Research Letters 47 (5): e2019GL086480. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086480.

Böhnert, T., A. Wenzel, C. Altenhövel, L. Beeretz, S.S. Tjitrosoedirdjo, A. Meijide, K. Rembold, and H. Kreft. 2016. “Effects of Land-Use Change on Vascular Epiphyte Diversity in Sumatra (Indonesia).” Biological Conservation 202 (October): 20–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.08.008.

Bonnesoeur, V., B. Locatelli, M.R. Guariguata, B.F. Ochoa-Tocachi, V. Vanacker, Z. Mao, A. Stokes, and S.-L. Mathez-Stiefel. 2019. “Impacts of Forests and Forestation on Hydrological Services in the Andes: A Systematic Review.” Forest Ecology and Management 433 (February): 569–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.11.033.

Borges, P.A.V., R. Gabriel, and S. Fattorini. 2021. “Biodiversity Erosion: Causes and Consequences.” In Life on Land: Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, edited by W. Leal Filho, A.M. Azul, L. Brandli, A. Lange Salvia, and T. Wall. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95981-8_78.

Borremans, B., C. Faust, K.R. Manlove, S.H. Sokolow, and J.O. Lloyd-Smith. 2019. “Cross-Species Pathogen Spillover across Ecosystem Boundaries: Mechanisms and Theory.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374 (1782): 20180344. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0344.

Bowler, D.E., L. Buyung-Ali, T.M. Knight, and A.S. Pullin. 2010a. “Urban Greening to Cool Towns and Cities: A Systematic Review of the Empirical Evidence.” Landscape and Urban Planning 97 (3): 147–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.05.006.

Bowler, D.E., L.M. Buyung-Ali, T.M. Knight, and A.S. Pullin. 2010b. “A Systematic Review of Evidence for the Added Benefits to Health of Exposure to Natural Environments.” BMC Public Health 10 (1): 456. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-456.

Boyd, W., C. Stickler, A.E. Duchelle, F. Seymour, D. Nepstad, N.H.A. Bahar, and D. Rodriguez-Ward. 2018. “Jurisdictional Approaches to REDD+ and Low Emissions Development: Progress and Prospects.” Working Paper. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

Bradshaw, C.J.A., N.S. Sodhi, K.S.-H. Peh, and B.W. Brook. 2007. “Global Evidence That Deforestation Amplifies Flood Risk and Severity in the Developing World.” Global Change Biology 13 (11): 2379–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01446.x.

Bradshaw, C.J.A., and I.G. Warkentin. 2015. “Global Estimates of Boreal Forest Carbon Stocks and Flux.” Global and Planetary Change 128 (May): 24–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.02.004.

Brando, P.M., B. Soares-Filho, L. Rodrigues, A. Assunção, D. Morton, D. Tuchschneider, E.C.M. Fernandes, M.N. Macedo, U. Oliveira, and M.T. Coe. 2020. "The Gathering Firestorm in Southern Amazonia." Science Advances 6 (2): eaay1632. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay1632.

Brandon, K. 2014. “Ecosystem Services from Tropical Forests: Review of Current Science.” Center for Global Development Working Paper 380. Washington, DC: Center for Global Development. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2622749.

Bratman, G.N., C.B. Anderson, M.G. Berman, B. Cochran, S. de Vries, J. Flanders, C. Folke, et al. 2019. “Nature and Mental Health: An Ecosystem Service Perspective.” Science Advances 5 (7): eaax0903. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax0903.

Braubach, M., A. Egorov, P. Mudu, T. Wolf, C. Ward Thompson, and M. Martuzzi. 2017. “Effects of Urban Green Space on Environmental Health, Equity and Resilience.” In Nature-Based Solutions to Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Areas: Linkages between Science, Policy and Practice, edited by N. Kabisch, H. Korn, J. Stadler, and A. Bonn, 187–205. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56091-5_11.

Brauman, K.A., G.C. Daily, T.K. Duarte, and H.A. Mooney. 2007. “The Nature and Value of Ecosystem Services: An Overview Highlighting Hydrologic Services.” Annual Review of Environment and Resources 32 (November): 67–98. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.32.031306.102758.

Bray, D., and A. Velazquez. 2009. “From Displacement-Based Conservation to Place-Based Conservation.” Conservation and Society 7 (1): 11. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-4923.54791.

Brende, B., and I. Duque. 2021. “A New Initiative Could Make Cities More Biodiverse: Here’s How.” Davos Agenda 2021 (blog), January 27. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/01/biodivercities-nature-initiative-transform-cities/.

Brittain, C., C. Kremen, and A.-M. Klein. 2013. “Biodiversity Buffers Pollination from Changes in Environmental Conditions.” Global Change Biology 19 (2): 540–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12043.

Brooks, T.M., R.A. Mittermeier, G.A.B. da Fonseca, J. Gerlach, M. Hoffmann, J.F. Lamoreux, C.G. Mittermeier, J.D. Pilgrim, and A.S.L. Rodrigues. 2006. “Global Biodiversity Conservation Priorities.” Science 313 (5783): 58–61. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1127609.

Browder, G., S. Ozment, I. Rehberger Bescos, T. Gartner, and G.-M. Lange. 2019. Integrating Green and Gray: Creating Next Generation Infrastructure. Washington, DC: World Bank and World Resources Institute. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/31430.

Bruijnzeel, L.A., M. Mulligan, and F.N. Scatena. 2011. “Hydrometeorology of Tropical Montane Cloud Forests: Emerging Patterns.” Hydrological Processes 25 (3): 465–98. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7974.

Bruijnzeel, L.A., and J. Proctor. 1995. “Hydrology and Biogeochemistry of Tropical Montane Cloud Forests: What Do We Really Know?” In Tropical Montane Cloud Forests, edited by L.S. Hamilton, J.O. Juvik, and F.N. Scatena. Vol. 110. New York: Springer.

Buchanan, A.H., and S.B. Levine. 1999. “Wood-Based Building Materials and Atmospheric Carbon Emissions.” Environmental Science & Policy 2 (6): 427–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1462-9011(99)00038-6.

Buchholz, T., M.D. Hurteau, J. Gunn, and D. Saah. 2016. “A Global Meta-analysis of Forest Bioenergy Greenhouse Gas Emission Accounting Studies.” GCB Bioenergy 8 (2): 281–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12245.

Buckingham, K., S. Ray, B. Arakwiye, A.G. Morales, R. Singh, O. Maneerattana, S. Wicaksono, H. Chrysolite, A. Minnick, and L. Johnston. 2018. Mapping Social Landscapes: A Guide to Identifying the Networks, Priorities, and Values of Restoration Actors. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. https://files.wri.org/d8/s3fs-public/18_Guide_SocialMapping_FINAL3.pdf.

Burnett, R., H. Chen, M. Szyszkowicz, N. Fann, B. Hubbell, C.A. Pope, J.S. Apte, et al. 2018. “Global Estimates of Mortality Associated with Long-Term Exposure to Outdoor Fine Particulate Matter.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115 (38): 9592–97. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1803222115.

Busch, J., J. Engelmann, S.C. Cook-Patton, B.W. Griscom, T. Kroeger, H. Possingham, and P. Shyamsundar. 2019. “Potential for Low-Cost Carbon Dioxide Removal through Tropical Reforestation.” Nature Climate Change 9 (June): 463–66. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0485-x.

Cai, M., Z. Xin, and X. Yu. 2017. “Spatio-temporal Variations in PM Leaf Deposition: A Meta-analysis.” Environmental Pollution 231, Part 1 (December): 207–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.105.

Calder, I.R. 2007. “Forests and Water—Ensuring Forest Benefits Outweigh Water Costs.” Forest Ecology and Management 251 (1–2): 110–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.06.015.

Calfapietra, C., S. Fares, F. Manes, A. Morani, G. Sgrigna, and F. Loreto. 2013. “Role of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOC) Emitted by Urban Trees on Ozone Concentration in Cities: A Review.” Environmental Pollution 183 (December): 71–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.012.

California Urban Forest Council. 2018. “Urban Forest Management Plan Toolkit.” https://ufmptoolkit.net/.

Calogiuri, G., and S. Chroni. 2014. “The Impact of the Natural Environment on the Promotion of Active Living: An Integrative Systematic Review.” BMC Public Health 14 (August). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-873.

Cameron, R.W.F., and T. Blanuša. 2016. “Green Infrastructure and Ecosystem Services: Is the Devil in the Detail?” Annals of Botany 118 (3): 377–91. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw129.

Cardinale, B.J., J.E. Duffy, A. Gonzalez, D.U. Hooper, C. Perrings, P. Venail, A. Narwani, et al. 2012. “Biodiversity Loss and Its Impact on Humanity.” Nature 486 (June): 59–67. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11148.

Cariñanos, P., P. Calaza-Martínez, L. O’Brien, and C. Calfapietra. 2017. “The Cost of Greening: Disservices of Urban Trees.” In The Urban Forest, edited by D. Pearlmutter, C. Calfapietra, R. Samson, L. O’Brien, S. Krajter Ostoić, G. Sanesi, and R. Alonso del Amo, 79–87. Cham: Springer International. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50280-9_9.

Cariñanos, P., and M. Casares-Porcel. 2011. “Urban Green Zones and Related Pollen Allergy: A Review. Some Guidelines for Designing Spaces with Low Allergy Impact.” Landscape and Urban Planning 101 (3): 205–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.03.006.

Carmichael, C.E., and M.H. McDonough. 2018. “The Trouble with Trees? Social and Political Dynamics of Street Tree-Planting Efforts in Detroit, Michigan, USA.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 31 (April): 221–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2018.03.009.

Carvalho-Santos, C., J.P. Honrado, and L. Hein. 2014. “Hydrological Services and the Role of Forests: Conceptualization and Indicator-Based Analysis with an Illustration at a Regional Scale.” Ecological Complexity 20 (December): 69–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2014.09.001.

Cavanagh, J.-A.E., and J. Clemons. 2006. “Do Urban Forests Enhance Air Quality?” Australasian Journal of Environmental Management 13 (2): 120–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/14486563.2006.10648678.

Cavanaugh, K.C., J.S. Gosnell, S.L. Davis, J. Ahumada, P. Boundja, D.B. Clark, B. Mugerwa, et al. 2014. “Carbon Storage in Tropical Forests Correlates with Taxonomic Diversity and Functional Dominance on a Global Scale: Biodiversity and Aboveground Carbon Storage.” Global Ecology and Biogeography 23 (5): 563–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12143.

Cazzolla Gatti, R., J. Liang, A. Velichevskaya, and M. Zhou. 2019. “Sustainable Palm Oil May Not Be So Sustainable.” Science of the Total Environment 652 (February): 48–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.222.

CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity) Secretariat. 2007. “Message from Mr. Ahmed Djoghlaf, Executive Secretary, on the Occasion of the International Day for Biological Diversity.” Montreal: United Nations Environment Programme. https://www.cbd.int/doc/speech/2007/sp-2007-05-22-es-en.pdf.

CBD Secretariat. 2014. Cities and Biodiversity Outlook: Action and Policy—a Global Assessment of the Links between Urbanization, Biodiversity, and Ecosystem Services. Montreal: CBD Secretariat. https://www.cbd.int/doc/health/cbo-action-policy-en.pdf.

CBD Secretariat. n.d. “Country Profiles: Indonesia—Main Details.” https://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=id.

CBO (Congressional Budget Office). 2015. Public Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, 1956 to 2014. Washington, DC: CBO. https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/114th-congress-2015-2016/reports/49910-infrastructure.pdf.

Ceballos, G., P.R. Ehrlich, A.D. Barnosky, A. García, R.M. Pringle, and T.M. Palmer. 2015. "Accelerated Modern Human-Induced Species Losses: Entering the Sixth Mass Extinction.” Science Advances 1 (5): e1400253. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1400253.

Ceballos, G., P.R. Ehrlich, and R. Dirzo. 2017. “Biological Annihilation via the Ongoing Sixth Mass Extinction Signaled by Vertebrate Population Losses and Declines.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114 (30): E6089–96. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1704949114.

Central Arkansas Water. n.d. “Supporting Our Communities.” https://carkw.com/about/supporting-our-communities/. Accessed September 7, 2020.

Cespedes-Payret, C., G. Pineiro, M. Achkar, O. Gutierrez, and D. Panario. 2009. “The Irruption of New Agro-industrial Technologies in Uruguay and Their Environmental Impacts on Soil, Water Supply and Biodiversity: A Review.” International Journal of Environment and Health 3 (2): 175. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJENVH.2009.024877.

Chace, J.F., and J.J. Walsh. 2006. “Urban Effects on Native Avifauna: A Review.” Landscape and Urban Planning 74 (1): 46–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.08.007.

Chazdon, R.L., P.H.S. Brancalion, L. Laestadius, A. Bennett-Curry, K. Buckingham, C. Kumar, J. Moll-Rocek, I.C.G. Vieira, and S.J. Wilson. 2016. “When Is a Forest a Forest? Forest Concepts and Definitions in the Era of Forest and Landscape Restoration.” Ambio 45 (September): 538–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-016-0772-y.

Chazdon, R.L., E.N. Broadbent, D.M.A. Rozendaal, F. Bongers, A.M.A. Zambrano, T.M. Aide, P. Balvanera, et al. 2016. “Carbon Sequestration Potential of Second-Growth Forest Regeneration in the Latin American Tropics.” Science Advances 2 (5): e1501639. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501639.

Chen, W.Y. 2015. “The Role of Urban Green Infrastructure in Offsetting Carbon Emissions in 35 Major Chinese Cities: A Nationwide Estimate.” Cities 44 (April): 112–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2015.01.005

Chester Zoo. 2019. “Chester Named World’s First Sustainable Palm Oil City.” https://www.chesterzoo.org/news/chester-named-worlds-first-sustainable-palm-oil-city-2/.

Chivian, E., and A. Bernstein. 2010. How Our Health Depends on Biodiversity. Boston: Center for Health and the Global Environment, Harvard Medical School. https://www.bu.edu/sph/files/2012/12/Chivian_and_Bernstein_2010_How_our_Health_Depends_on_Biodiversity.pdf.

Churkina, G., R. Grote, T.M. Butler, and M. Lawrence. 2015. “Natural Selection? Picking the Right Trees for Urban Greening.” Environmental Science & Policy 47 (March): 12–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2014.10.014.

Churkina, G., A. Organschi, C.P.O. Reyer, A. Ruff, K. Vinke, Z. Liu, B.K. Reck, T.E. Graedel, and H.J. Schellnhuber. 2020. “Buildings as a Global Carbon Sink.” Nature Sustainability 3 (April): 269–76. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0462-4.

Cilliers, S., J. Cilliers, R. Lubbe, and S. Siebert. 2013. “Ecosystem Services of Urban Green Spaces in African Countries—Perspectives and Challenges.” Urban Ecosystems 16 (4): 681–702. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-012-0254-3.

Cities4Forests. n.d.a. “About Cities4Forests.” https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/cities4forests/about-cities4forests. Accessed June 13, 2022.

Cities4Forests. n.d.b. “Forest Footprint.” https://forestfootprint.org/. Accessed June 13, 2022.

Cities4Forests. n.d.c. “Partner Forest Program.” https://www.partnerforests.org/. Accessed June 13, 2022.

City of Madison. n.d. “Urban Forestry Special Charge.” https://www.cityofmadison.com/streets/forestry/UrbanForestrySpecialCharge.cfm. Accessed June 13, 2022.

City of Melbourne. 2014. Urban Forest Strategy: Making a Great City Greener 2012–2032. Melbourne: City of Melbourne. https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/urban-forest-strategy.pdf.

City of Melbourne. 2017. Nature in the City Strategy: Thriving Biodiversity and Healthy Ecosystems. Melbourne: City of Melbourne. https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/nature-in-the-city-strategy.pdf.

City of Melbourne. 2019. Exceptional Tree Register. Melbourne: City of Melbourne. http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/community/greening-the-city/tree-protection-management/Pages/exceptional-tree-register.aspx.

City of Vancouver. 2012. Greenest City 2020 Action Plan. Vancouver: City of Vancouver. https://vancouver.ca/files/cov/Greenest-city-action-plan.pdf.

City Parks Alliance. n.d. “Portland’s Green Street Program.” https://cityparksalliance.org/resource/portland-green-street-program/.

Civitello, D.J., J. Cohen, H. Fatima, N.T. Halstead, J. Liriano, T.A. McMahon, C.N. Ortega, et al. 2015. “Biodiversity Inhibits Parasites: Broad Evidence for the Dilution Effect.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112 (28): 8667–71. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1506279112.

Clinton, N., M. Stuhlmacher, A. Miles, N.U. Aragon, M. Wagner, M. Georgescu, C. Herwig, and P. Gong. 2018. “A Global Geospatial Ecosystem Services Estimate of Urban Agriculture.” Earth’s Future 6 (1): 40–60. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017EF000536.

CNCA (Carbon Neutral Cities Alliance). n.d. “CNCA Innovation Fund.” https://carbonneutralcities.org/initiatives/innovation-fund/. Accessed June 15, 2022.

Cohen, S., D. Janicki-Deverts, and G.E. Miller. 2007. “Psychological Stress and Disease.” JAMA 298 (14): 1685. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.298.14.1685.

Coley, P.D., and T.A. Kursar. 2014. “On Tropical Forests and Their Pests.” Science 343 (6166): 35–36. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1248110.

Concepción, E.D., M. Moretti, F. Altermatt, M.P. Nobis, and M.K. Obrist. 2015. “Impacts of Urbanisation on Biodiversity: The Role of Species Mobility, Degree of Specialisation and Spatial Scale.” Oikos 124 (12): 1571–82. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/oik.02166.

Cook-Patton, S.C., S.M. Leavitt, D. Gibbs, N.L. Harris, K. Lister, K.J. Anderson-Teixeira, R.D. Briggs, et al. 2020. “Mapping Carbon Accumulation Potential from Global Natural Forest Regrowth.” Nature 585 (September): 545–50. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2686-x.

Copsey, T., S. Dalimunthe, L. Hoijtink, and N. Stoll. 2013. Indonesia: How the People of Indonesia Live with Climate Change and What Communication Can Do. London: BBC Media Action. https://dataportal.bbcmediaaction.org/site/assets/uploads/2016/07/Indonesia-Report.pdf.

Cornwall, W. 2017. “Is Wood a Green Source of Energy? Scientists Are Divided.” Science, January 5. https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/01/wood-green-source-energy-scientists-are-divided.

Coutts, C., and M. Hahn. 2015. “Green Infrastructure, Ecosystem Services, and Human Health.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12 (8): 9768–98. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120809768.

Crawford, A. 2020. “Cliff Hanger: After Nearly Running Out of Water in 2018, the South African City of Cape Town Aims to Rid Its Watersheds of Thirsty Non-native Trees.” The Nature Conservancy, August 28. https://www.nature.org/en-us/magazine/magazine-articles/removing-trees-to-save-water-in-cape-town/.

CRED (Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters). 2015. The Human Cost of Weather Related Disasters 1995–2015. Brussels: CRED, School of Public Health, Université Catholique de Louvain; Geneva: United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. https://www.unisdr.org/files/46796_cop21weatherdisastersreport2015.pdf.

Creed, I.F., J.A. Jones, E. Archer, M. Claassen, D. Ellison, S.G. McNulty, M. van Noordwijk, et al. 2019. “Managing Forests for Both Downstream and Downwind Water.” Frontiers in Forests and Global Change 2 (October): 64. https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2019.00064.

Cronemberger, C., and E. Viveiros de Castro. 2009. “The Contribution of Serra dos Órgãos National Park to Biodiversity Conservation." In Biodiversity and Land Use Systems in the Fragmented Mata Atlântica of Rio de Janeiro, edited by H. Gaese, J.C. Torrico Albino, J. Wesenberg, and S. Schlüter, 93–104. Göttingen, Germany: Cuvillier Verlag.

Crouzeilles, R., M.S. Ferreira, R.L. Chazdon, D.B. Lindenmayer, J.B.B. Sansevero, L. Monteiro, A. Iribarrem, A.E. Latawiec, and B.B.N. Strassburg. 2017. “Ecological Restoration Success Is Higher for Natural Regeneration than for Active Restoration in Tropical Forests.” Science Advances 3 (11): e1701345. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1701345.

Crush, J.S., and G.B. Frayne. 2011. “Urban Food Insecurity and the New International Food Security Agenda.” Development Southern Africa 28 (4): 527–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2011.605571.

CSU (Colorado State University). n.d. “Forests to Faucets.” https://cfri.colostate.edu/projects/forests-to-faucets/. Accessed June 13, 2022.

CTNC (Conservation Trust for North Carolina). n.d. “Upper Neuse Clean Water Initiative.” https://ctnc.org/projects/upper-neuse-clean-water-initiative/. Accessed December 12, 2020.

Cuni-Sanchez, A., M.J.P. Sullivan, P.J. Platts, S.L. Lewis, R. Marchant, G. Imani, W. Hubau, et al. 2021. “High Aboveground Carbon Stock of African Tropical Montane Forests.” Nature 596 (August): 536–42. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03728-4.

Currie, W.S., and K.M. Bergen. 2008. “Temperate Forest.” In Encyclopedia of Ecology, 2nd ed., edited by B. Fath, 647–56. Amsterdam: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63768-0.00704-6.

Curtis, A.J., D. Helmig, C. Baroch, R. Daly, and S. Davis. 2014. “Biogenic Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Nine Tree Species Used in an Urban Tree-Planting Program.” Atmospheric Environment 95 (October): 634–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.06.035.

Curtis, L., W. Rea, P. Smith-Willis, E. Fenyves, and Y. Pan. 2006. “Adverse Health Effects of Outdoor Air Pollutants.” Environment International 32 (6): 815–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2006.03.012.

Curtis, P.G., C.M. Slay, N.L. Harris, A. Tyukavina, and M.C. Hansen. 2018. “Classifying Drivers of Global Forest Loss.” Science 361 (6407): 1108–11. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau3445.

Cusser, S., J.L. Neff, and S. Jha. 2016. “Natural Land Cover Drives Pollinator Abundance and Richness, Leading to Reductions in Pollen Limitation in Cotton Agroecosystems.” Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 226 (June): 33–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.04.020.

Dahl, R. 2013. “Cooling Concepts: Alternatives to Air Conditioning for a Warm World.” Environmental Health Perspectives 121 (1). https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.121-a18.

Dalton, J. 2018. “No Such Thing as Sustainable Palm Oil: ‘Certified’ Can Destroy Even More Wildlife, Say Scientists.” The Independent, December 9. https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/palm-oil-sustainable-certified-plantations-orangutans-indonesia-southeast-asia-greenwashing-purdue-a8674681.html.

Daniel, T.C., A. Muhar, A. Arnberger, O. Aznar, J.W. Boyd, K.M.A. Chan, R. Costanza, et al. 2012. “Contributions of Cultural Services to the Ecosystem Services Agenda.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109 (23): 8812–19. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1114773109.

Davidson, E.A., A.C. de Araújo, P. Artaxo, J.K. Balch, I.F. Brown, M.M. C. Bustamante, M.T. Coe, et al. 2012. "The Amazon Basin in Transition." Nature 481 (January): 321–28. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10717.

De Beenhouwer, M., R. Aerts, and O. Honnay. 2013. “A Global Meta-analysis of the Biodiversity and Ecosystem Service Benefits of Coffee and Cacao Agroforestry.” Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 175 (August): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.05.003.

DEC (New York State Department of Environmental Conservation). n.d. “Herp Atlas Project.” https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/7140.html. Accessed September 2, 2020.

Decina, S.M., A.G. Ponette-González, and J.E. Rindy. 2020. “Urban Tree Canopy Effects on Water Quality via Inputs to the Urban Ground Surface.” In Forest-Water Interactions, edited by D.F. Levia, D.E. Carlyle-Moses, S. Iida, B. Michalzik, K. Nanko, and A. Tischer, 433–57. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26086-6_18.

DeFries, R.S., T. Rudel, M. Uriarte, and M. Hansen. 2010. “Deforestation Driven by Urban Population Growth and Agricultural Trade in the Twenty-First Century.” Nature Geoscience 3 (March): 178–81. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo756.

den Braver, N. R., J. Lakerveld, F. Rutters, L.J. Schoonmade, J. Brug, and J.W.J. Beulens. 2018. “Built Environmental Characteristics and Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.” BMC Medicine 16 (1): 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-017-0997-z.

De Risi, R., F. Jalayer, F. De Paola, I. Iervolino, M. Giugni, M.E. Topa, E. Mbuya, A. Kyessi, G. Manfredi, and P. Gasparini. 2013. “Flood Risk Assessment for Informal Settlements.” Natural Hazards 69 (1): 1003–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-013-0749-0.

DDOT (District Department of Transportation). n.d. “DDOT Trees: Permits and Laws.”

Washington, DC: DDOT, Government of the District of Columbia. https://ddot.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/ddot/publication/attachments/DDOT%20Tree%20Permits%20%20Laws.pdf. Accessed September 2, 2020.

Díaz, S., A. Hector, and D. Wardle. 2009. “Biodiversity in Forest Carbon Sequestration Initiatives: Not Just a Side Benefit.” Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 1 (October): 55–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2009.08.001.

Dirzo, R., H.S. Young, M. Galetti, G. Ceballos, N.J.B. Isaac, and B. Collen. 2014. “Defaunation in the Anthropocene.” Science 345 (6195): 401–6. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1251817.

Dixon, J., A.M. Omwega, S. Friel, C. Burns, K. Donati, and R. Carlisle. 2007. “The Health Equity Dimensions of Urban Food Systems.” Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 84 (Suppl 1): 118–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-007-9176-4.

Dobbs, C., F.J. Escobedo, N. Clerici, F. de la Barrera, A.A. Eleuterio, I. MacGregor-Fors, S. Reyes-Paecke, A. Vásquez, J.D. Zea Camaño, and H.J. Hernández. 2019. "Urban Ecosystem Services in Latin America: Mismatch between Global Concepts and Regional Realities?” Urban Ecosystems 22 (February): 173–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-018-0805-3.

Dobbs, C., C.R. Nitschke, and D. Kendal. 2014. “Global Drivers and Tradeoffs of Three Urban Vegetation Ecosystem Services.” PLoS ONE 9 (11): e113000. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113000.

Don, A., J. Schumacher, and A. Freibauer. 2011. “Impact of Tropical Land-Use Change on Soil Organic Carbon Stocks—a Meta-analysis.” Global Change Biology 17 (4): 1658–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02336.x.

Donato, D.C., J.B. Kauffman, D. Murdiyarso, S. Kurnianto, M. Stidham, and M. Kanninen. 2011. “Mangroves among the Most Carbon-Rich Forests in the Tropics.” Nature Geoscience 4 (May): 293–97. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1123.

Douglas, I. 2008. “Urban Hydrology.” In The Routledge Handbook of Urban Ecology, edited by I. Douglas, D. Goode, M. Houck, and R. Wang. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203839263.ch13.

Dreiseitl, H., J. Asbjørn, and B. Wanschura. 2015. Cost-Benefit Analysis of Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park. Singapore: National University of Singapore. https://ramboll.com/-/media/files/rnewmarkets/herbert-dreiseitl_part-1_final-report_22052015.pdf?la=en.

Drummond, J. 1996. “Garden in the Machine: An Environmental History of Brazil’s Tijuca Forest.” Environmental History 1 (1): 83–105. https://doi.org/10.2307/3985065.

Ducatez, S., F. Sayol, D. Sol, and L. Lefebvre. 2018. “Are Urban Vertebrates City Specialists, Artificial Habitat Exploiters, or Environmental Generalists?” Integrative and Comparative Biology 58 (5): 929–38. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icy1012018.

Dudley, N., and S. Stolton. 2003. Running Pure: The Importance of Forest Protected Areas to Drinking Water. Washington, DC: World Bank/WWF Alliance for Forest Conservation and Sustainable Use. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/15006.

Dwyer, J.F., H.W. Schroeder, and P.H. Gobster. 1991. “The Significance of Urban Trees and Forests: Toward a Deeper Understanding of Values.” Journal of Arboriculture 17 (10): 276–84. https://www.nrs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/jrnl/1991/nc_1991_dwyer_001.pdf.

Dye, C. 2008. “Health and Urban Living.” Science 319 (5864): 766–69. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1150198.

Dzhambov, A.M., and D.D. Dimitrova. 2014. “Urban Green Spaces’ Effectiveness as a Psychological Buffer for the Negative Health Impact of Noise Pollution: A Systematic Review.” Noise & Health 16 (70): 157–65. https://doi.org/10.4103/1463-1741.134916.

Dzhambov, A.M., D.D. Dimitrova, and E.D. Dimitrakova. 2014. “Association between Residential Greenness and Birth Weight: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 13 (4): 621–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2014.09.004.

Eisenman, T.S., G. Churkina, S.P. Jariwala, P. Kumar, G.S. Lovasi, D.E. Pataki, K.R. Weinberger, and T.H. Whitlow. 2019. “Urban Trees, Air Quality, and Asthma: An Interdisciplinary Review.” Landscape and Urban Planning 187 (July): 47–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.02.010.

Ellison, D. 2018. “Forests and Water.” Background Analytical Study 2. Prepared for the 13th Session of the United Nations Forum on Forests, New York, May 7–11. https://www.un.org/esa/forests/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/UNFF13_BkgdStudy_ForestsWater.pdf.

Ellison, D., M.N. Futter, and K. Bishop. 2012. “On the Forest Cover–Water Yield Debate: From Demand‐ to Supply‐Side Thinking.” Global Change Biology 18 (3): 806–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02589.x.

Ellison, D., C.E. Morris, B. Locatelli, D. Sheil, J. Cohen, D. Murdiyarso, V. Gutierrez, et al. 2017. “Trees, Forests and Water: Cool Insights for a Hot World.” Global Environmental Change 43 (March): 51–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.01.002.

Elmqvist, T., H. Setälä, S.N. Handel, S. Van Der Ploeg, J. Aronson, J.N. Blignaut, E. Gomez-Baggethun, D.J. Nowak, J. Kronenberg, and R. De Groot. 2015. “Benefits of Restoring Ecosystem Services in Urban Areas.” Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 14 (June): 101–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2015.05.001.

Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2020. “The Boroughs of New York City.” https://www.britannica.com/place/New-York-City/The-boroughs.

Endreny, T., R. Santagata, A. Perna, C.D. Stefano, R.F. Rallo, and S. Ulgiati. 2017. “Implementing and Managing Urban Forests: A Much Needed Conservation Strategy to Increase Ecosystem Services and Urban Wellbeing.” In “Environmental Accounting Models and Nature Conservation Strategies,” edited by P.P. Franzese, G. Liu, and S. Aricò, special issue, Ecological Modelling 360 (September): 328–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2017.07.016.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2019. “Managing Air Quality: Control Strategies to Achieve Air Pollution Reduction.” August 28. https://www.epa.gov/air-quality-management-process/managing-air-quality-control-strategies-achieve-air-pollution.

Erwin, T.L. 1982. “Tropical Forests: Their Richness in Coleoptera and Other Arthropod Species.” The Coleopterists Bulletin 36 (1): 74–75. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4007977

Escobedo, F., S. Varela, M. Zhao, J.E. Wagner, and W. Zipperer. 2010. “Analyzing the Efficacy of Subtropical Urban Forests in Offsetting Carbon Emissions from Cities.” Environmental Science & Policy 13 (5): 362–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2010.03.009.

Escobedo, F.J., N. Clerici, C.L. Staudhammer, A. Feged-Rivadeneira, J.C. Bohorquez, and G. Tovar. 2018. “Trees and Crime in Bogota, Colombia: Is the Link an Ecosystem Disservice or Service?” Land Use Policy 78 (November): 583–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.07.029.

Escobedo, F.J., T. Kroeger, and J.E. Wagner. 2011. “Urban Forests and Pollution Mitigation: Analyzing Ecosystem Services and Disservices.” Environmental Pollution 159 (8–9): 2078–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.01.010.

Estoque, R.C., M. Ooba, V. Avitabile, Y. Hijioka, R. DasGupta, T. Togawa, and Y. Murayama. 2019. “The Future of Southeast Asia’s Forests.” Nature Communications 10 (April): 1829. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09646-4.

Estrada, F., W.J.W. Botzen, and R.S.J. Tol. 2017. “A Global Economic Assessment of City Policies to Reduce Climate Change Impacts.” Nature Climate Change 7 (June): 403–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3301.

Evans, G.W., S. Otto, and F.G. Kaiser. 2018. “Childhood Origins of Young Adult Environmental Behavior.” Psychological Science 29 (5): 679–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617741894.

Evans, T., S. Olson, J. Watson, K. Gruetzmacher, M. Pruvot, S. Jupiter, S. Wang, T. Clements, and K. Jung. 2020. Links between Ecological Integrity, Emerging Infectious Diseases Originating from Wildlife, and Other Aspects of Human Health: An Overview of the Literature. Bronx, NY: Wildlife Conservation Society. https://c532f75abb9c1c021b8c-e46e473f8aadb72cf2a8ea564b4e6a76.ssl.cf5.rackcdn.com/2020/05/22/8zqrkmzuna_Links_between_ecological_integrity_and_EIDs_originating_from_wildlife.pdf.

FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2016. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015: How Are the World’s Forests Changing? 2nd ed. Rome: FAO. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4793e.pdf.

FAO. 2018. The State of the World’s Forests 2018: Forests Pathways to Sustainable Development. Rome: FAO. http://www.fao.org/3/i9535en/i9535en.pdf.

FAO. 2020. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020—Key Findings. Rome: FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8753en.

FAO and CIFOR (Center for International Forestry Research). 2005. “Forests and Floods: Drowning in Fiction or Thriving on Facts?” Forest Perspectives 2. Bangkok: FAO; Bogor Barat: CIFOR. http://www.fao.org/3/ae929e/ae929e00.htm.

FAO, International Tropical Timber Organization, and United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. 2020. Forest Product Conversion Factors. Rome: FAO. https://www.itto.int/direct/topics/topics_pdf_download/topics_id=6402&no=1&disp=inline.

FAO and UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). 2020a. “Forest Species and Genetic Diversity.” Chapter 3 of The State of the World’s Forests 2020: Forests, Biodiversity and People. Rome: FAO; Nairobi: UNEP. http://www.fao.org/3/ca8642en/online/ca8642en.html#chapter-3_1.

FAO and UNEP. 2020b. The State of the World’s Forests 2020: Forests, Biodiversity and People. Rome: FAO; Nairobi: UNEP. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8642en.

Fares, S., E. Paoletti, C. Calfapietra, T.N. Mikkelsen, R. Samson, and D. Le Thiec. 2017. “Carbon Sequestration by Urban Trees.” In The Urban Forest, vol. 7, edited by D. Pearlmutter, C. Calfapietra, R. Samson, L. O’Brien, S. Krajter Ostoić, G. Sanesi, and R. Alonso del Amo, 31–39. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50280-9_4.

Farley, K.A., E.G. Jobbágy, and R.B. Jackson. 2005. “Effects of Afforestation on Water Yield: A Global Synthesis with Implications for Policy.” Global Change Biology 11 (10): 1565–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01011.x.

Farnsworth, N.R., and R.W. Morris. 1976. “Higher Plants: The Sleeping Giant of Drug Development.” American Journal of Pharmacy and the Sciences Supporting Public Health 148 (2): 46–52.

Fath, B., ed. 2018. Encyclopedia of Ecology. 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Fatin, L. 2020. “Little Rock Green Bond Brings Forest Protection to the Fore in Preserving Water Supply.” Climate Bonds Initiative, October 15. https://www.climatebonds.net/2020/10/central-arkansas-water-bond-first-kind-us-green-munis-gray-green-water-infrastructure.

Favero, A., A. Daigneault, and B. Sohngen. 2020. “Forests: Carbon Sequestration, Biomass Energy, or Both?” Science Advances 6 (13). https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aay6792.

Federici, S., D. Lee, and M. Herold. 2018. “Forest Mitigation: A Permanent Contribution to the Paris Agreement?” Working Paper. San Francisco: Climate and Land Use Alliance. http://www.climateandlandusealliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Forest-Mitigation-a-Permanent-Contribution-to-the-Paris-Agreement-1.pdf.

Feltran-Barbieri, R., S. Ozment, P. Hamel, E. Gray, H.L. Mansur, T. Piazzetta Valente, J. Baladelli Ribeiro, and M.M. Matsumoto. 2018. Infraestrutura Natural para Água No Sistema Guandu, Rio de Janeiro. 72. São Paulo: World Resources Institute Brasil. https://wribrasil.org.br/pt/publicacoes/infraestrutura-natural-para-agua-no-sistema-guandu-rio-de-janeiro

Fetene, A., and H. Worku. 2013. “Planning for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Urban Forestry in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 12 (3): 367–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2013.03.004.

Filoso, S., M.O. Bezerra, K.C.B. Weiss, and M.A. Palmer. 2017. “Impacts of Forest Restoration on Water Yield: A Systematic Review.” PLoS ONE 12 (8): e0183210. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183210.

Finlayson, R. 2013. “Indonesia Prepares to Expand Schemes That Pay for Environmental Services.” Agroforestry World (blog), March 15. https://blog.worldagroforestry.org/index.php/2013/03/15/indonesia-prepares-to-expand-schemes-that-pay-for-environmental-services/.

Fischer, J., D.B. Lindenmayer, and A.D. Manning. 2006. “Biodiversity, Ecosystem Function, and Resilience: Ten Guiding Principles for Commodity Production Landscapes.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 4 (2): 80–86. https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2006)004[0080:BEFART]2.0.CO;2.

Fitzgerald, K. n.d. “Mountain Gorilla Tourism Drives Economic Growth and Conservation.” African Wildlife Foundation. https://www.awf.org/blog/mountain-gorilla-tourism-drives-economic-growth-and-conservation. Accessed June 13, 2022.

Flies, E.J., S. Mavoa, G.R. Zosky, E. Mantzioris, C. Williams, R. Eri, B.W. Brook, and J.C. Buettel. 2019. “Urban-Associated Diseases: Candidate Diseases, Environmental Risk Factors, and a Path Forward.” Environment International 133, Part A (December): 105187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105187.

Flörke, M., C. Schneider, and R.I. McDonald. 2018. “Water Competition between Cities and Agriculture Driven by Climate Change and Urban Growth.” Nature Sustainability 1 (January): 51–58. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-017-0006-8.

Flynn, D.F.B., N. Mirotchnick, M. Jain, M.I. Palmer, and S. Naeem. 2011. “Functional and Phylogenetic Diversity as Predictors of Biodiversity–Ecosystem-Function Relationships.” Ecology 92 (8): 1573–81. https://doi.org/10.1890/10-1245.1.

Folke, C., S. Carpenter, B. Walker, M. Scheffer, T. Elmqvist, L. Gunderson, and C.S. Holling. 2004. “Regime Shifts, Resilience, and Biodiversity in Ecosystem Management.” Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 35 (1): 557–81. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105711.

Fondos de Agua. n.d. “The Water Funds.” https://www.fondosdeagua.org/en/the-water-funds/. Accessed June 14, 2022.

Fowler, D., U. Skiba, E. Nemitz, F. Choubedar, D. Branford, R. Donovan, and P. Rowland. 2004. “Measuring Aerosol and Heavy Metal Deposition on Urban Woodland and Grass Using Inventories of 210 Pb and Metal Concentrations in Soil.” Water, Air and Soil Pollution: Focus 4 (June): 483–99. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:WAFO.0000028373.02470.ba.

Freitas, S.R., C.L. Neves, and P. Chernicharo. 2006. “Tijuca National Park: Two Pioneering Restorationist Initiatives in Atlantic Forest in Southeastern Brazil.” Brazilian Journal of Biology 66 (4): 975–82. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842006000600004.

Frick, W.F., T. Kingston, and J. Flanders. 2020. “A Review of the Major Threats and Challenges to Global Bat Conservation.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1469 (1): 5–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14045.

Frumkin, H. 2002. “Urban Sprawl and Public Health.” Public Health Reports 117 (May–June): 201–17. https://doi.org/10.1093/phr/117.3.201.

Fuller, R.A., K.N. Irvine, P. Devine-Wright, P.H. Warren, and K.J. Gaston. 2007. “Psychological Benefits of Greenspace Increase with Biodiversity.” Biology Letters 3 (4). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0149.

Gaertner, M., J.R.U. Wilson, M.W. Cadotte, J.S. MacIvor, R.D. Zenni, and D.M. Richardson. 2017. “Non-native Species in Urban Environments: Patterns, Processes, Impacts and Challenges.” Biological Invasions 19 (December): 3461–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-017-1598-7.

Gallai, N., J.-M. Salles, J. Settele, and B.E. Vaissière. 2009. "Economic Valuation of the Vulnerability of World Agriculture Confronted with Pollinator Decline." Ecological Economics 68 (3): 810–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.06.014.

Gascon, M., M. Triguero-Mas, D. Martinez, P. Dadvand, D. Rojas-Rueda, A. Plasencia, and M.J. Nieuwenhuijsen. 2016. “Residential Green Spaces and Mortality: A Systematic Review.” Environment International 86 (January): 60–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.10.013.

Gebrehiwot, S.G., D. Ellison, W. Bewket,Y. Seleshi, B.-I. Inogwabini, and K. Bishop. 2019. “The Nile Basin Waters and the West African Rainforest: Rethinking the Boundaries.” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Water 6 (1): e1317. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1317.

Gerrish, E., and S.L. Watkins. 2018. “The Relationship between Urban Forests and Income: A Meta-analysis.” Landscape and Urban Planning 170 (February): 293–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.09.005.

Gibbons, K.H., and C.M. Ryan. 2015. “Characterizing Comprehensiveness of Urban Forest Management Plans in Washington State.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 14 (3): 615–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2015.06.003.

Gibbs, D., N. Harris, and J.R. Pool. 2022. Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Supplemental Guidance for Forests and Trees. Washington, DC: Greenhouse Gas Protocol, World Resources Institute. https://ghgprotocol.org/gpc-supplemental-guidance-forests-and-trees.

Gibbs, D., N. Harris, and F. Seymour. 2018. “By the Numbers: The Value of Tropical Forests in the Climate Change Equation.” Insights (blog), October 4. https://www.wri.org/insights/numbers-value-tropical-forests-climate-change-equation#:~:text=If%20tropical%20deforestation%20were%20a,year%20between%202015%20and%202017.

GIO (Green Infrastructure Ontario Coalition). 2015. Ontario’s Urban Forests: Call to Action. Ontario: GIO. https://greeninfrastructureontario.org/app/uploads/2016/06/GIO_Urban_Forest_Call_to_Action_Sept15Print.pdf.

GIO. n.d. Communicating the Benefits of the Urban Forest in a Municipal Context: Toolkit Part 1. Ontario: GIO. https://greeninfrastructureontario.org/app/uploads/2016/06/UF-Toolkit-Part-I-Communicating-Benefits-Bulletin-Final.pdf. Accessed February 3, 2021.

Goh, X.P., M. Radhakrishnan, C. Zevenbergen, and A. Pathirana. 2017. “Effectiveness of Runoff Control Legislation and Active, Beautiful, Clean (ABC) Waters Design Features in Singapore.” Water 9 (8): 627. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9080627.

Goldstein, A., W.R. Turner, S.A. Spawn, K.J. Anderson-Teixeira, S. Cook-Patton, J. Fargione, H.K. Gibbs, et al. 2020. “Protecting Irrecoverable Carbon in Earth’s Ecosystems.” Nature Climate Change 10 (April): 287–95. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0738-8.

González, E., M.R. Felipe-Lucia, B. Bourgeois, B. Boz, C. Nilsson, G. Palmer, and A.A. Sher. 2017. "Integrative Conservation of Riparian Zones." Biological Conservation 211, Part B (July): 20–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.10.035.

Graham, D.A., J.K. Vanos, N.A. Kenny, and R.D. Brown. 2016. “The Relationship between Neighbourhood Tree Canopy Cover and Heat-Related Ambulance Calls during Extreme Heat Events in Toronto, Canada.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 20 (December): 180–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2016.08.005.

Gray, E., S. Ozment, J. Carlos Altamirano, R. Feltran-Barbieri, and G. Morales. 2019. “Green-Gray Assessment: How to Assess the Costs and Benefits of Green Infrastructure for Water Supply Systems” Working Paper. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. https://www.wri.org/publication/green-gray-assessment.

Green, J. 2013. “The New Philadelphia Story Is about Green Infrastructure.” The Dirt: Uniting the Built and Natural Environments, December 18. https://dirt.asla.org/2013/12/18/the-new-philadelphia-story-is-about-green-infrastructure/.Green>.Green City Partnerships. 2019. Best Management Practices for Crime Prevention through Environmental Design in Natural Landscapes. Seattle: Green City Partnerships, Forterra. https://www.greenseattle.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/CPTED-in-Natural-Areas-Final-Draft-Feb-2018_web.pdf.

Griscom, B.W., J. Adams, P.W. Ellis, R.A. Houghton, G. Lomax, D.A. Miteva, W.H. Schlesinger, et al. 2017. “Natural Climate Solutions.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114 (44): 11645–50. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710465114.

Griscom, B.W., J. Busch, S.C. Cook-Patton, P.W. Ellis, J. Funk, S.M. Leavitt, G. Lomax, et al. 2020. “National Mitigation Potential from Natural Climate Solutions in the Tropics.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375 (1794): 20190126. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0126.

Grossman, E. 2013. “Declining Bee Populations Pose a Threat to Global Agriculture.” Yale Environment 360, April 30. https://e360.yale.edu/features/declining_bee_populations_pose_a_threat_to_global_agriculture.

Guégan, J.-F., A. Ayouba, J. Cappelle, and B. de Thoisy. 2020. “Forests and Emerging Infectious Diseases: Unleashing the Beast Within.” Environmental Research Letters 15 (8): 083007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab8dd7.

Guerra, C.A., R.W. Snow, and S.I. Hay. 2006. “A Global Assessment of Closed Forests, Deforestation and Malaria Risk.” Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 100 (3): 189–204. https://doi.org/10.1179/136485906X91512.

Gunawardena, K.R., M.J. Wells, and T. Kershaw. 2017. “Utilising Green and Bluespace to Mitigate Urban Heat Island Intensity.” Science of the Total Environment 584–585 (April): 1040–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.158.

Gunnell, K., M. Mulligan, R.A. Francis, and D.G. Hole. 2019. “Evaluating Natural Infrastructure for Flood Management within the Watersheds of Selected Global Cities.” Science of The Total Environment 670 (June): 411–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.212.

Gustavsson, L., K. Pingoud, and R. Sathre. 2006. “Carbon Dioxide Balance of Wood Substitution: Comparing Concrete- and Wood-Framed Buildings.” Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 11 (3): 667–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-006-7207-1.

Guswa, A.M., D. Tetzlaff, J.S. Selker, D.E. Carlyle-Moses, E.W. Boyer, M. Bruen, C. Cayuela, et al. 2020. “Advancing Ecohydrology in the 21st Century: A Convergence of Opportunities.” Ecohydrology 13 (4): e2208. https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.2208.

Guyot, V., B. Castagneyrol, A. Vialatte, M. Deconchat, and H. Jactel. 2016. “Tree Diversity Reduces Pest Damage in Mature Forests across Europe.” Biology Letters 12 (4): 20151037. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.1037.

Haase, D., N. Larondelle, E. Andersson, M. Artmann, S. Borgström, J. Breuste, E. Gomez-Baggethun, et al. 2014. “A Quantitative Review of Urban Ecosystem Service Assessments: Concepts, Models, and Implementation.” Ambio 43 (May): 413–433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-014-0504-0.

Hallegatte, S., C. Green, R.J. Nicholls, and J. Corfee-Morlot. 2013. “Future Flood Losses in Major Coastal Cities.” Nature Climate Change 3 (September): 802–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1979.

Hamilton, S.E., and D. Casey. 2016. “Creation of a High Spatio-temporal Resolution Global Database of Continuous Mangrove Forest Cover for the 21st Century (CGMFC-21): CGMFC-21.” Global Ecology and Biogeography 25 (6): 729–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12449.

Hankey, S., and J.D. Marshall. 2017. “Urban Form, Air Pollution, and Health.” Current Environmental Health Reports 4 (December): 491–503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-017-0167-7.

Hansen, M.C., P.V. Potapov, R. Moore, M. Hancher, S.A. Turubanova, A. Tyukavina, D. Thau, et al. 2013. “High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change.” Science 342 (6160): 850–53. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1244693.

Hansen, M.M., R. Jones, and K. Tocchini. 2017. “Shinrin-Yoku (Forest Bathing) and Nature Therapy: A State-of-the-Art Review.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14 (8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080851.

Hanson, C., and J. Ranganathan. 2022. “How to Manage the Global Land Squeeze? Produce, Protect, Reduce, Restore.” Insights (blog), February 14. https://www.wri.org/insights/manage-global-land-squeeze-produce-protect-reduce-restore.

Harlan, S.L., A.J. Brazel, L. Prashad, W.L. Stefanov, and L. Larsen. 2006. “Neighborhood Microclimates and Vulnerability to Heat Stress.” Social Science & Medicine 63 (11): 2847–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.07.030.

Harris, N., T. Munroe, E. Goldman, C. Slay, and F. Follett. 2020. “Agriculture Drove Recent Record-Breaking Tree Cover Loss.” Insights (blog), February 21. https://www.wri.org/insights/agriculture-drove-recent-record-breaking-tree-cover-loss.

Harris, N.L., D.A. Gibbs, A. Baccini, R.A. Birdsey, S. de Bruin, M. Farina, L. Fatoyinbo, et al. 2021. “Global Maps of Twenty-First Century Forest Carbon Fluxes.” Nature Climate Change 11 (March): 234–40. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-00976-6.

Harte, A.M. 2017. “Mass Timber: The Emergence of a Modern Construction Material.” Journal of Structural Integrity and Maintenance 2 (3): 121–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/24705314.2017.1354156.

Hartig, T., R. Mitchell, S. de Vries, and H. Frumkin. 2014. “Nature and Health.” Annual Review of Public Health 35 (March): 207–28. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182443.

Harvard Health Publishing. 2014. “Peptic Ulcer.” December 29. https://www.health.harvard.edu/digestive-health/peptic-ulcer-overview.

Hausmann, A., R. Slotow, J.K. Burns, and E.D. Minin. 2016. “The Ecosystem Service of Sense of Place: Benefits for Human Well-Being and Biodiversity Conservation.” Environmental Conservation 43 (2): 117–27. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892915000314.

Heaviside, C., H. Macintyre, and S. Vardoulakis. 2017. “The Urban Heat Island: Implications for Health in a Changing Environment.” Current Environmental Health Reports 4 (September): 296–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-017-0150-3.

Henders, S., U.M. Persson, and T. Kastner. 2015. “Trading Forests: Land-Use Change and Carbon Emissions Embodied in Production and Exports of Forest-Risk Commodities.” Environmental Research Letters 10 (12): 125012. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/125012.

Hess, D.E. 2019. “Philadelphia Green City, Clean Waters Green Infrastructure Program Saves $50 Million/Year, Generated $4 Billion In Economic Impact So Far.” PA Environment Digest Blog, April 16. http://paenvironmentdaily.blogspot.com/2019/04/philadelphia-green-city-clean-waters.html.Hewitt,/a>.Hewitt, C.N., K. Ashworth, and A.R. MacKenzie. 2020. “Using Green Infrastructure to Improve Urban Air Quality (GI4AQ).” Ambio 49 (January): 62–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019-01164-3.

Heynen, N., H.A. Perkins, and P. Roy. 2006. “The Political Ecology of Uneven Urban Green Space: The Impact of Political Economy on Race and Ethnicity in Producing Environmental Inequality in Milwaukee.” Urban Affairs Review 42 (1): 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087406290729.

Higgs, E. 2003. Nature by Design: People, Natural Process, and Ecological Restoration. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/nature-design.

Hill, S.L.L., A. Arnell, C. Maney, S.H.M. Butchart, C. Hilton-Taylor, C. Ciciarelli, C. Davis, E. Dinerstein, A. Purvis, and N.D. Burgess. 2019. “Measuring Forest Biodiversity Status and Changes Globally.” Frontiers in Forests and Global Change 29 (November). https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2019.00070.

Hipólito, J., B. dos Santos Bandiera Sousa, R.C. Borges, R.M. de Brito, R. Jaffé, S. Dias, V.L. Imperatriz Fonseca, and T.C. Giannini. 2019. "Valuing Nature's Contribution to People: The Pollination Services Provided by Two Protected Areas in Brazil." Global Ecology and Conservation 20 (October): e00782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00782.

Hisano, M., E.B. Searle, and H.Y.H. Chen. 2018. “Biodiversity as a Solution to Mitigate Climate Change Impacts on the Functioning of Forest Ecosystems.” Biological Reviews 93 (1): 439–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12351.

Hofste, R.W., P. Reig, and L. Schleifer. 2019. “17 Countries, Home to One-Quarter of the World’s Population, Face Extremely High Water Stress.” Insights (blog), August 6. https://www.wri.org/insights/17-countries-home-one-quarter-worlds-population-face-extremely-high-water-stress.

Holl, K.D., and P.H.S. Brancalion. 2020. “Tree Planting Is Not a Simple Solution.” Science 368 (6491): 580–81. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba8232.

Holling, C.S. 1973. “Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems.” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4 (November): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000245.

Hosonuma, N., M. Herold, V. De Sy, R.S. De Fries, M. Brockhaus, L. Verchot, A. Angelsen, and E. Romijn. 2012. “An Assessment of Deforestation and Forest Degradation Drivers in Developing Countries.” Environmental Research Letters 7 (4): 044009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/044009.

Hua, F., X. Wang, X. Zheng, B. Fisher, L. Wang, J. Zhu, Y. Tang, D.W. Yu, and D.S. Wilcove. 2016. “Opportunities for Biodiversity Gains under the World’s Largest Reforestation Programme.” Nature Communications 7 (September): 12717. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12717.

Huang, Y., Y. Chen, N. Castro-Izaguirre, M. Baruffol, M. Brezzi, A. Lang, Y. Li, et al. 2018. “Impacts of Species Richness on Productivity in a Large-Scale Subtropical Forest Experiment.” Science 362 (6410): 80–83. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat6405.

Hubau, W., S.L. Lewis, O.L. Phillips, K. Affum-Baffoe, H. Beeckman, A. Cuní-Sanchez, A.K. Daniels, et al. 2020. "Asynchronous Carbon Sink Saturation in African and Amazonian Tropical Forests." Nature 579 (7797): 80–87. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2035-0.

Hubbard, R.M., J. Stape, M.G. Ryan, A.C. Almeida, and J. Rojas. 2010. “Effects of Irrigation on Water Use and Water Use Efficiency in Two Fast Growing Eucalyptus Plantations.” Forest Ecology and Management 259 (9): 1714–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.10.028.

Hylander, K., and S. Nemomissa. 2009. “Complementary Roles of Home Gardens and Exotic Tree Plantations as Alternative Habitats for Plants of the Ethiopian Montane Rainforest.” Conservation Biology 23 (2): 400–409. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01097.x.

Ideno, Y., K. Hayashi, Y. Abe, K. Ueda, H. Iso, M. Noda, J.-S. Lee, and S. Suzuki. 2017. “Blood Pressure–Lowering Effect of Shinrin-Yoku (Forest Bathing): A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.” BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17 (August): 409. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-017-1912-z.

IEA (International Energy Agency). 2018. The Future of Cooling: Opportunities for Energy-Efficient Air Conditioning. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and IEA. https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/0bb45525-277f-4c9c-8d0c-9c0cb5e7d525/The_Future_of_Cooling.pdf.

IEA and UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). 2018. 2018 Global Status Report towards a Zero-Emission, Efficient and Resilient Buildings and Construction Sector. Prepared for the Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction. Nairobi: UNEP. https://www.worldgbc.org/sites/default/files/2018%20GlobalABC%20Global%20Status%20Report.pdf.

Ilstedt, U., A. Malmer, E. Verbeeten, and D. Murdiyarso. 2007. “The Effect of Afforestation on Water Infiltration in the Tropics: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.” Forest Ecology and Management 251 (1–2): 45–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.06.014.

Intasen, M., R.J. Hauer, L.P. Werner, and E. Larsen. 2016. “Urban Forest Assessment in Bangkok, Thailand.” Journal of Sustainable Forestry 36 (2): 148–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2016.1265455.

IPBES (Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services). 2016. The Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services on Pollinators, Pollination and Food Production: Summary for Policymakers. Edited by S.G. Potts, V.L. Imperatriz-Fonseca, H.T. Ngo, J.C. Biesmeijer, T.D. Breeze, L.V. Dicks, L.A. Garibaldi, et al. Bonn, Germany: IPBES Secretariat. https://ipbes.net/assessment-reports/pollinators.

IPBES. 2019. Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Edited by E.S. Brondizio, J. Settele, S. Díaz, and H.T. Ngo. Bonn, Germany: IPBES Secretariat. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3831673.

IPBES. n.d. “About: What Is IPBES?” https://ipbes.net/about#:~:text=The%20Intergovernmental%20Science%2DPolicy%20Platform,%2C%20long%2Dterm%20human%20well%2D. Accessed February 14, 2021.

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2018. Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5°C above Pre-industrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, in the Context of Strengthening the Global Response to the Threat of Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty, edited by V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, et al. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157940.

IPCC. 2019. Climate Change and Land: An IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems. Edited by P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, E. Calvo Buendia, V. Masson-Delmotte, H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, P. Zhai, et al. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2019/11/SRCCL-Full-Report-Compiled-191128.pdf.

Irvine, K.N., and S. Herrett. 2018. “Does Ecosystem Quality Matter for Cultural Ecosystem Services?” Journal for Nature Conservation 46 (December): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2018.08.010.

Isbell, F., V. Calcagno, A. Hector, J. Connolly, W.S. Harpole, P.B. Reich, M. Scherer-Lorenzen, et al. 2011. “High Plant Diversity Is Needed to Maintain Ecosystem Services.” Nature 477 (September): 199–202. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10282.

Ishii, H.T., T. Manabe, K. Ito, N. Fujita, A. Imanishi, D. Hashimoto, and A. Iwasaki. 2010. “Integrating Ecological and Cultural Values toward Conservation and Utilization of Shrine/Temple Forests as Urban Green Space in Japanese Cities.” Landscape and Ecological Engineering 6 (July): 307–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-010-0104-5.

Islam, R., and G. Walkerden. 2014. “How Bonding and Bridging Networks Contribute to Disaster Resilience and Recovery on the Bangladeshi Coast.” International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 10, Part A (December): 281–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2014.09.016.

IUCN. n.d. “Our Work: Nature-based Solutions.” https://www.iucn.org/theme/nature-based-solutions. Accessed February 17, 2021.

Jacob, D.J., and D.A. Winner. 2009. “Effect of Climate Change on Air Quality.” Atmospheric Environment 43 (1): 51–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.051.

Jactel, H., E.S. Gritti, L. Drössler, D.I. Forrester, W.L. Mason, X. Morin, H. Pretzsch, and B. Castagneyrol. 2018. "Positive Biodiversity—Productivity Relationships in Forests: Climate Matters." Biology Letters 14 (4): 20170747. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0747.

Jaenicke, J., S. Englhart, and F. Siegert. 2011. “Monitoring the Effect of Restoration Measures in Indonesian Peatlands by Radar Satellite Imagery.” Journal of Environmental Management 92 (3): 630–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.09.029.

Janhäll, S. 2015. "Review on Urban Vegetation and Particle Air Pollution—Deposition and Dispersion.” Atmospheric Environment 105: 130–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.01.052.

Jansson, M., H. Fors, T. Lindgren, and B. Wistrom. 2013. “Perceived Personal Safety in Relation to Urban Woodland Vegetation: A Review.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 12 (2): 127–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2013.01.005.

Jelks, N.O., V. Jennings, and A. Rigolon. 2021. “Green Gentrification and Health: A Scoping Review.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18 (3): 907. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18030907.

Jenkins, C.N., S.L. Pimm, and L.N. Joppa. 2013. “Global Patterns of Terrestrial Vertebrate Diversity and Conservation.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110 (28): E2602–10. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1302251110.

Jennings, V., and O. Bamkole. 2019. “The Relationship between Social Cohesion and Urban Green Space: An Avenue for Health Promotion.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16 (3): 452. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030452.

Jennings, V., A.K. Baptiste, N. Osborne Jelks, and R. Skeete. 2017. “Urban Green Space and the Pursuit of Health Equity in Parts of the United States.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14 (11): 1432. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14111432.

Jennings, V., and C. Johnson Gaither. 2015. “Approaching Environmental Health Disparities and Green Spaces: An Ecosystem Services Perspective.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12 (2): 1952–68. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120201952.

Jennings, V., C. Johnson Gaither, and R. Schulterbrandt Gragg. 2012. “Promoting Environmental Justice through Urban Green Space Access: A Synopsis.” Environmental Justice 5 (1): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1089/env.2011.0007.

Jennings, V., L. Larson, and J. Yun. 2016. “Advancing Sustainability through Urban Green Space: Cultural Ecosystem Services, Equity, and Social Determinants of Health.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13 (2): 196. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13020196.

Jha, A.K., R. Bloch, and J. Lamond. 2012. Cities and Flooding: A Guide to Integrated Urban Flood Risk Management for the 21st Century. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-8866-2.

Jia, G., E. Shevliakova, P. Artaxo, N. De Noblet-Ducoudré, R. Houghton, J. House, K. Kitajima, et al. 2019. “Land–Climate Interactions.” In Climate Change and Land: An IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems, edited by P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, E. Calvo Buendia, V. Masson-Delmotte, H.-O. Pörtner, D. C. Roberts, P. Zhai, et al., 131–248. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.

Jianan, X., O. Zhiyun, Z. Hua, W. Xiaoke, and M. Hong. 2007. “Allergenic Pollen Plants and Their Influential Factors in Urban Areas.” Acta Ecologica Sinica 27 (9): 3820–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2032(07)60082-1.

Jim, C.Y. 2005. “Monitoring the Performance and Decline of Heritage Trees in Urban Hong Kong.” Journal of Environmental Management 74 (2): 161–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2004.08.014.

Jim, C.Y., and W.Y. Chen. 2009. “Ecosystem Services and Valuation of Urban Forests in China.” Cities 26 (4): 187–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2009.03.003.

Jo, H.-K., H.-M. Park, and J.-Y. Kim. 2019. “Carbon Offset Service and Design Guideline of Tree Planting for Multifamily Residential Sites in Korea.” Sustainability 11 (13): 3543. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11133543.

Johnson, E., and D. Smith. 2006. Legacy: Conserving New York State’s Biodiversity. Albany: American Museum of Natural History, New York State Biodiversity Research Institute, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, New York Natural Heritage Program, and The Nature Conservancy. https://www.natureserve.org/biodiversity-science/publications/legacy-conserving-new-york-states-biodiversity.

Jones, B.A., D. Grace, R. Kock, S. Alonso, J. Rushton, M.Y. Said, D. McKeever, et al. 2013. “Zoonosis Emergence Linked to Agricultural Intensification and Environmental Change.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110 (21): 8399–8404. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1208059110.

Jones, J.A., X. Wei, E. Archer, K. Bishop, J.A. Blanco, D. Ellison, M.B. Gush, S.G. McNulty, M. van Noordwijk, and I.F. Creed. 2020. “Forest-Water Interactions under Global Change.” In Forest-Water Interactions, edited by D.F. Levia, D.E. Carlyle-Moses, S. Iida, B. Michalzik, K. Nanko, and A. Tischer, 589–624. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26086-6_24.

Jong, H.N. 2019. “Europe, in Bid to Phase Out Palm Biofuel, Leaves Fans and Foes Dismayed.” Mongabay, March 15. https://news.mongabay.com/2019/03/europe-in-bid-to-phase-out-palm-biofuel-leaves-fans-and-foes-dismayed/.

Juno, E., and S. Hines. 2019. “Lumber Salvaged from Baltimore’s Row Houses and City Trees Creates Jobs and Cuts Wood Waste.” Insights (blog), October 4. https://www.wri.org/insights/lumber-salvaged-baltimores-row-houses-and-city-trees-creates-jobs-and-cuts-wood-waste.

Juno, E., and J.R. Pool. 2020. “How Forests Near or Far Can Protect Water for Cities.” Insights (blog), September 23. https://www.wri.org/insights/forests-near-or-far-can-protect-water-cities.

Juno, E., and T. Virsilas. 2019. “Urban Forests for Healthier Cities: Policy, Planning, Regulations, and Institutional Arrangements: Learning Guide.” Cities4Forests. https://cities4forests.com/lg-urban-forests-for-healthier-cities/.

Kamitsis, I., and A.J.P. Francis. 2013. “Spirituality Mediates the Relationship between Engagement with Nature and Psychological Wellbeing.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 36 (December): 136–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.07.013.

Kapos, V., S. Wicander, T. Salvaterra, K. Dawkins, and C. Hicks. 2019. “The Role of the Natural Environment in Adaptation.” Background Paper. Rotterdam and Washington, DC: Global Commission on Adaptation. https://gca.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/RoleofNaturalEnvironmentinAdaptation_V2.pdf.

Karesh, W.B., A. Dobson, J.O. Lloyd-Smith, J. Lubroth, M.A. Dixon, M. Bennett, S. Aldrich, et al. 2012. “Ecology of Zoonoses: Natural and Unnatural Histories.” Lancet 380 (9857): 1936–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61678-X.

Karjalainen, E., T. Sarjala, and H. Raitio. 2010. “Promoting Human Health through Forests: Overview and Major Challenges.” Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine 15 (1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12199-008-0069-2.

Kearns, C.A., D.W. Inouye, and N.M. Waser. 1998. “Endangered Mutualisms: The Conservation of Plant-Pollinator Interactions.” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29 (1): 83–112. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.29.1.83.

Keenan, R.J., G.A. Reams, F. Achard, J.V. de Freitas, A. Grainger, and E. Lindquist. 2015. “Dynamics of Global Forest Area: Results from the FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015.” Forest Ecology and Management 352 (September): 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.06.014.

Khan, F., and C. Borgstrom-Hansson. 2016. “Using the Earth Hour City Challenge to Identify High Leverage Points for Footprint Reduction in Cities.” Journal of Cleaner Production, Advancing Sustainable Solutions: An Interdisciplinary and Collaborative Research Agenda 123 (June): 42–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.06.128.

Kier, G., H. Kreft, T.M. Lee, W. Jetz, P.L. Ibisch, C. Nowicki, J. Mutke, and W. Barthlott. 2009. “A Global Assessment of Endemism and Species Richness across Island and Mainland Regions.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106 (23): 9322–27. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0810306106.

King County. 2020. “Forest Carbon Program.” March 17. https://kingcounty.gov/services/environment/water-and-land/forestry/forest-carbon.aspx.

Klein, A.-M., B.E. Vaissière, J.H. Cane, I. Steffan-Dewenter, S.A. Cunningham, C. Kremen, and T. Tscharntke. 2007. "Importance of Pollinators in Changing Landscapes for World Crops." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274 (1608): 303–13. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3721.

Kloog, I. 2019. “Air Pollution, Ambient Temperature, Green Space and Preterm Birth.” Current Opinion in Pediatrics 31 (2): 237–43. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0000000000000736.

Ko, Y. 2018. “Trees and Vegetation for Residential Energy Conservation: A Critical Review for Evidence-Based Urban Greening in North America.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 34 (August): 318–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2018.07.021.

Kohl, H.W., C.L. Craig, E.V. Lambert, S. Inoue, J.R. Alkandari, G. Leetongin, and S. Kahlmeier. 2012. “The Pandemic of Physical Inactivity: Global Action for Public Health.” Lancet 380 (9838): 294–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60898-8.

Kolbert, E. 2014. The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History. New York: Henry Holt.

Kondo, M.C., J.M. Fluehr, T. McKeon, and C.C. Branas. 2018. “Urban Green Space and Its Impact on Human Health.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15 (3): 445. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030445.

Kondo, M.C., S. Han, G.H. Donovan, and J.M. MacDonald. 2017. “The Association between Urban Trees and Crime: Evidence from the Spread of the Emerald Ash Borer in Cincinnati.” Landscape and Urban Planning 157 (January): 193–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.07.003.

Kondo, M.C., N. Mueller, D.H. Locke, L.A. Roman, D. Rojas-Rueda, L.H. Schinasi, M. Gascon, and M.J. Nieuwenhuijsen. 2020. “Health Impact Assessment of Philadelphia’s 2025 Tree Canopy Cover Goals.” Lancet Planetary Health 4 (4): e149–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30058-9.

Kondo, M.C., E.C. South, and C.C. Branas. 2015. “Nature-Based Strategies for Improving Urban Health and Safety.” Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 92 (5): 800–814. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-015-9983-y.

Kovats, R.S., and S. Hajat. 2008. “Heat Stress and Public Health: A Critical Review.” Annual Review of Public Health 29 (1): 41–55. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090843.

Kremen, C., N.M. Williams, R.L. Bugg, J.P. Fay, and R.W. Thorp. 2004. “The Area Requirements of an Ecosystem Service: Crop Pollination by Native Bee Communities in California.” Ecology Letters 7 (11): 1109–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00662.x.

Krishnan, S., G. Wiederkehr Guerra, D. Bertrand, S. Wertz-Kanounnikoff, and C.J. Kettle. 2020. “The Pollination Services of Forests.” Forestry Working Paper 15. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and Bioversity International. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9433en.

Kuddus, M.A., E. Tynan, and E. McBryde. 2020. “Urbanization: A Problem for the Rich and the Poor?” Public Health Review 41 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40985-019-0116-0.

Kuehler, E., J. Hathaway, and A. Tirpak. 2017. “Quantifying the Benefits of Urban Forest Systems as a Component of the Green Infrastructure Stormwater Treatment Network.” Ecohydrology 10 (3): e1813. https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1813.

Kumar, P., A. Druckman, J. Gallagher, B. Gatersleben, S. Allison, T.S. Eisenman, U. Hoang, et al. 2019. “The Nexus between Air Pollution, Green Infrastructure and Human Health.” Environment International 133, Part A (December): 105181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105181.

Kuo, F.E. 2003. “Social Aspects of Urban Forestry: The Role of Arboriculture in a Healthy Social Ecology.” Journal of Arboriculture 29 (3): 148–55.

Kuo, M. 2015. “How Might Contact with Nature Promote Human Health? Promising Mechanisms and a Possible Central Pathway.” Frontiers in Psychology 6 (August). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01093.

Lachowycz, K., and A.P. Jones. 2011. “Greenspace and Obesity: A Systematic Review of the Evidence.” Obesity Reviews 12 (5): e183–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00827.x.

Lai, H., E.J. Flies, P. Weinstein, and A. Woodward. 2019. “The Impact of Green Space and Biodiversity on Health.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 17 (7): 383–90. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2077.

Landrigan, P.J., R. Fuller, N.J.R. Acosta, O. Adeyi, R. Arnold, N. Basu, A.B. Baldé, et al. 2018. "The Lancet Commission on Pollution and Health.” Lancet Commissions 391 (10119): 462–512. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)32345-0/fulltext.

Laothawornkitkul, J., J.E. Taylor, N.D. Paul, and C.N. Hewitt. 2009. “Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds in the Earth System.” New Phytologist 183 (1): 27–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02859.x.

Lara, A., C. Little, R. Urrutia, J. McPhee, C. Álvarez-Garretón, C. Oyarzún, D. Soto, et al. 2009. "Assessment of Ecosystem Services as an Opportunity for the Conservation and Management of Native Forests in Chile." In “Old Forests, New Management: the Conservation and Use of Old-Growth Forests in the 21st Century,” edited by C. Beadle, G. Duff, and A. Richardson, special issue, Forest Ecology and Management 258 (4): 415–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.01.004.

Laurance, W.F. 2007. “Forests and Floods.” Nature 449 (September): 409–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/449409a.

Law, B.E., T.W. Hudiburg, L.T. Berner, J.J. Kent, P.C. Buotte, and M.E. Harmon. 2018. “Land Use Strategies to Mitigate Climate Change in Carbon Dense Temperate Forests.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115 (14): 3663–68. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1720064115.

Lawrence, D., and K. Vandecar. 2015. “Effects of Tropical Deforestation on Climate and Agriculture.” Nature Climate Change 5 (January): 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2430.

Lecic-Tosevski, D. 2019. “Is Urban Living Good for Mental Health?” Current Opinion in Psychiatry 32 (3): 204–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000489.

Lee, A.C.K., and R. Maheswaran. 2011. “The Health Benefits of Urban Green Spaces: A Review of the Evidence.” Journal of Public Health 33 (2): 212–22. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdq068.

Lee, I., H. Choi, K.-S. Bang, S. Kim, M. Song, and B. Lee. 2017. “Effects of Forest Therapy on Depressive Symptoms among Adults: A Systematic Review.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14 (3): 321. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14030321.

Lele, S. 2009. “Watershed Services of Tropical Forests: From Hydrology to Economic Valuation to Integrated Analysis.” Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 1 (2): 148–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2009.10.007.

Le Quéré, C., R.M. Andrew, P. Friedlingstein, S. Sitch, J. Pongratz, A.C. Manning, J.I. Korsbakken, et al. 2018. "Global Carbon Budget 2017." Earth System Science Data 10 (1): 405–48. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-405-2018.

Leung, D.Y.C., J.K.Y. Tsui, F. Chen, Y. Wing-Kin, L.L.P. Vrijmoed, and L. Chun-Ho. 2011. “Effects of Urban Vegetation on Urban Air Quality.” Landscape Research 36 (2): 173–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2010.547570.

Lewis, S.L., C.E. Wheeler, E.T.A. Mitchard, and A. Koch. 2019. “Restoring Natural Forests Is the Best Way to Remove Atmospheric Carbon.” Nature 568 (7750): 25–28. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-01026-8.

Li, Q. 2010. “Effect of Forest Bathing Trips on Human Immune Function.” Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine 15 (January): 9–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12199-008-0068-3.

Li, Q., K. Morimoto, M. Kobayashi, H. Inagaki, M. Katsumata, Y. Hirata, K. Hirata, et al. 2008. “Visiting a Forest, but Not a City, Increases Human Natural Killer Activity and Expression of Anti-cancer Proteins.” International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology 21 (1): 117–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/039463200802100113.

Li, X., Y. Zhou, S. Yu, G. Jia, H. Li, and W. Li. 2019. “Urban Heat Island Impacts on Building Energy Consumption: A Review of Approaches and Findings.” Energy 174 (May): 407–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.02.183.

Liang, J., T.W. Crowther, N. Picard, S. Wiser, M. Zhou, G. Alberti, E.-D. Schulze, et al. 2016. “Positive Biodiversity-Productivity Relationship Predominant in Global Forests.” Science 354 (6309): aaf8957. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf8957.

Lindley, S., S. Pauleit, K. Yeshitela, S. Cilliers, and C. Shackleton. 2018. “Rethinking Urban Green Infrastructure and Ecosystem Services from the Perspective of Sub-Saharan African Cities.” Landscape and Urban Planning 180 (December): 328–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.08.016.

Litschke, T., and W. Kuttler. 2008. “On the Reduction of Urban Particle Concentration by Vegetation: A Review.” Meteorologische Zeitschrift 17 (3): 229–40. https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2008/0284.

Little, C., A. Lara, J. McPhee, and R. Urrutia. 2009. “Revealing the Impact of Forest Exotic Plantations on Water Yield in Large Scale Watersheds in South-Central Chile.” Journal of Hydrology 374 (1): 162–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.06.011.

LoGiudice, K., R.S. Ostfeld, K.A. Schmidt, and F. Keesing. 2003. “The Ecology of Infectious Disease: Effects of Host Diversity and Community Composition on Lyme Disease Risk.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 (2): 567–71. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0233733100.

Lõhmus, M., and J. Balbus. 2015. "Making Green Infrastructure Healthier Infrastructure." Infection Ecology & Epidemiology 5 (1): 30082. https://doi.org/10.3402/iee.v5.30082.

Louv, R. 2005. Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children from Nature Deficit Disorder. Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin.

Lovejoy, T.E., and C. Nobre. 2018. “Amazon Tipping Point.” Science Advances 4 (2): eaat2340. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat2340.

Lozano-Baez, S.E., M. Cooper, P. Meli, S.F.B. Ferraz, R.R. Rodrigues, and T.J. Sauer. 2019. “Land Restoration by Tree Planting in the Tropics and Subtropics Improves Soil Infiltration, but Some Critical Gaps Still Hinder Conclusive Results.” Forest Ecology and Management 444 (July): 89–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.04.046.

Luber, G., and M. McGeehin. 2008. “Climate Change and Extreme Heat Events.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 35 (5): 429–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2008.08.021.

Lundgren, K., and T. Kjellstrom. 2013. “Sustainability Challenges from Climate Change and Air Conditioning Use in Urban Areas.” Sustainability 5 (7): 3116–28. https://doi.org/10.3390/su5073116.

Luntz, T. 2009. “City’s ‘All Green’ Stormwater Plan Raises Eyebrows at EPA.” New York Times, December 24. https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/gwire/2009/12/24/24greenwire-citys-all-green-stormwater-plan-raises-eyebrow-45258.html.

Luqman, M., T.M. Butt, A. Tanvir, M. Atiq, M.Z. Yousuf Hussan, and M. Yaseen. 2013. “Phytoremediation of Polluted Water by Tress: A Review.” African Journal of Agricultural Research 8 (17): 1591–95. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR11.1111.

Lwasa, S., F. Mugagga, B. Wahab, D. Simon, J.P. Connors, and C. Griffith. 2015. “A Meta-analysis of Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture and Forestry in Mediating Climate Change.” Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 13 (April): 68–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2015.02.003.

Lyons-White, J., and A.T. Knight. 2018. “Palm Oil Supply Chain Complexity Impedes Implementation of Corporate No-Deforestation Commitments.” Global Environmental Change 50 (May): 303–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.04.012.

Lyytimäki, J., L.K. Petersen, B. Normander, and P. Bezák. 2008. "Nature as a Nuisance? Ecosystem Services and Disservices to Urban Lifestyle." Environmental Sciences 5 (3): 161–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/15693430802055524.

Lyytimäki, J., and M. Sipilä. 2009. "Hopping on One Leg: The Challenge of Ecosystem Disservices for Urban Green Management.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 8 (4): 309–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2009.09.003.

Mahmood, R., R.A. Pielke, K.G. Hubbard, D. Niyogi, P.A. Dirmeyer, C. McAlpine, A.M. Carleton, et al. 2014. “Land Cover Changes and Their Biogeophysical Effects on Climate.” International Journal of Climatology 34 (4): 929–53. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3736.

Makarieva, A.M., and V.G. Gorshkov. 2010. “The Biotic Pump: Condensation, Atmospheric Dynamics and Climate.” International Journal of Water 5 (4): 365. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJW.2010.038729.

Mallapaty, S. 2020. “Animal Source of the Coronavirus Continues to Elude Scientists.” Nature, May 18. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01449-8.

Mallet-Rodrigues, F., J.F. Pacheco, and R. Parrini. 2007. “Birds of the Serra dos Órgãos, State of Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil: A Review." Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 15 (1): 5–35.

Mancus, G.C., and J. Campbell. 2018. “Integrative Review of the Intersection of Green Space and Neighborhood Violence.” Journal of Nursing Scholarship 50 (2): 117–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12365.

Maps of World. 2017. “Tijuca Forest, Rio de Janeiro Travel Information.” May 10. https://www.mapsofworld.com/travel/destinations/brazil/tijuca-forest.

Mapulanga, A.M., and H. Naito. 2019. “Effect of Deforestation on Access to Clean Drinking Water.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 116 (17): 8249–54. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1814970116.

Marritz, L. 2013. “How Do You Calculate Stormwater Credits for Trees? Part 1: Why Tree-Based Credits Are Hard to Quantify.” DeepRoot Blog, March 25. https://www.deeproot.com/blog/blog-entries/how-do-you-calculate-stormwater-credits-for-trees-part-1-why-tree-based-credits-are-hard-to-quantify/.

Marron, N., and D. Epron. 2019. “Are Mixed-Tree Plantations Including a Nitrogen-Fixing Species More Productive than Monocultures?” Forest Ecology and Management 441 (June): 242–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.03.052.

Marselle, M.R., J. Stadler, H. Korn, K. Irvine, and A. Bonn, eds. 2019. Biodiversity and Health in the Face of Climate Change. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02318-8.

Martin, C. 2015. “A Re-examination of the Pollinator Crisis.” Current Biology 25 (19): R811–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.09.022.

Maruthaveeran, S., and C.C. Konijnendijk van den Bosch. 2014. “A Socio-ecological Exploration of Fear of Crime in Urban Green Spaces: A Systematic Review.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 13 (1): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2013.11.006.

Marzluff, J., R. Bowman, and R. Donnelly, eds. 2001. “Worldwide Urbanization and Its Effects on Birds.” In Avian Ecology and Conservation in an Urbanizing World. Boston: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1531-9.

Masood, I., Z. Majid, S. Sohail, A. Zia, and S. Raza. 2015. “The Deadly Heat Wave of Pakistan, June 2015.” International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 6 (4): 247–48. https://doi.org/10.15171/ijoem.2015.672.

Mavuso, N. 2016. “Designing for Safer Inner-City Parks in Johannesburg.” SaferSpaces (blog), April 18. https://www.saferspaces.org.za/blog/entry/designing-for-safer-inner-city-parks-in-johannesburg.

May, R.M. 2010. “Tropical Arthropod Species, More or Less?” Science 329 (5987): 41–42. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1191058.

Mazor, T., C. Doropoulos, F. Schwarzmueller, D.W. Gladish, N. Kumaran, K. Merkel, M. Di Marco, and V. Gagic. 2018. “Global Mismatch of Policy and Research on Drivers of Biodiversity Loss.” Nature Ecology & Evolution 2 (July): 1071–74. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0563-x.

Mburu, J., L.G. Hein, B. Gemmill, and L. Collette. 2006. Economic Valuation of Pollination Services: Review of Methods. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/agphome/documents/Biodiversity-pollination/econvaluepoll1.pdf.

McCormick, R. 2017. “Does Access to Green Space Impact the Mental Well-Being of Children: A Systematic Review.” Journal of Pediatric Nursing 37 (December): 3–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2017.08.027.

McDonald, R., T. Kroger, T. Boucher, W. Longzhu, and R. Slame. 2016. Planting Healthy Air: A Global Analysis of the Role of Urban Trees in Addressing Particulate Matter Pollution and Extreme Heat. Arlington, VA: The Nature Conservancy. https://www.nature.org/content/dam/tnc/nature/en/documents/20160825_PHA_Report_Final.pdf.

McDonald, R.I., T. Kroeger, P. Zhang, and P. Hamel. 2020. “The Value of US Urban Tree Cover for Reducing Heat-Related Health Impacts and Electricity Consumption.” Ecosystems 23 (1): 137–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-019-00395-5.

McDonald, R.I., and D. Shemie. 2014. Urban Water Blueprint: Mapping Conservation Solutions to the Global Water Challenge. Washington, DC: The Nature Conservancy.

McDonald, R.I., K.F. Weber, J. Padowski, T. Boucher, and D. Shemie. 2016. “Estimating Watershed Degradation over the Last Century and Its Impact on Water-Treatment Costs for the World’s Large Cities.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113 (32): 9117–22. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1605354113.

McDonald’s. 2022. “Nature, Forests & Water.” https://corporate.mcdonalds.com/corpmcd/our-purpose-and-impact/our-planet/nature-forests-water.html.

McEwen, B.S. 2008. “Central Effects of Stress Hormones in Health and Disease: Understanding the Protective and Damaging Effects of Stress and Stress Mediators.” European Journal of Pharmacology 583 (2–3): 174–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.11.071.

McGriff, E.C. 1972. “The Effects of Urbanization on Water Quality.” Journal of Environmental Quality 1 (1): 86–88. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1972.00472425000100010020x.

McKinney, M.L. 2008. “Effects of Urbanization on Species Richness: A Review of Plants and Animals.” Urban Ecosystems 11 (June): 161–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-007-0045-4.

McPhearson, T., D. Maddox, B. Gunther, and D. Bragdon. 2013. “Local Assessment of New York City: Biodiversity, Green Space, and Ecosystem Services.” In Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Challenges and Opportunities: A Global Assessment, edited by T. Elmqvist, M. Fragkias, J. Goodness, B. Güneralp, P.J. Marcotullio, R.I. McDonald, S. Parnell, et al., 355–83. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.

McPherson, E.G., D. Nowak, and R.A. Rowntree. 1994. “Chicago’s Urban Forest Ecosystem: Results of the Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project.” Radnor, PA: Northeastern Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/4285.

McPherson, E.G., Q. Xiao, N.S. van Doorn, J. de Goede, J. Bjorkman, A. Hollander, R.M. Boynton, J.F. Quinn, and J.H. Thorne. 2017. “The Structure, Function and Value of Urban Forests in California Communities.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 28 (December): 43–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2017.09.013.

Medvigy, D., R.L. Walko, M.J. Otte, and R. Avissar. 2013. “Simulated Changes in Northwest U.S. Climate in Response to Amazon Deforestation.” Journal of Climate 26 (22): 9115–36. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00775.1.

Melo, M., A. Pinheiro, E. Torres, G. Piazza, and V. Kaufmann. 2021. “Analysis of Phreatic Levels in Riparian Forest and Pasture in an Agricultural Watershed, Santa Catarina, Brazil.” In Advances in Geoethics and Groundwater Management: Theory and Practice for a Sustainable Development edited by M. Abrunhosa, A. Chambel, S. Peppoloni, and H.I. Chaminé, 169–72. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59320-9_36.

Menéndez, P., I.J. Losada, S. Torres-Ortega, S. Narayan, and M.W. Beck. 2020. "The Global Flood Protection Benefits of Mangroves." Scientific Reports 10 (March): 4404. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61136-6.

Meyer, K., and R. Bürger-Arndt. 2014. “How Forests Foster Human Health: Present State of Research-Based Knowledge (in the Field of Forests and Human Health).” International Forestry Review 16 (4): 421–46. https://doi.org/10.1505/146554814813484103.

Milestone, S., and P. Kremer. 2019. “Encouraging Councils and Governments around the World to Adopt Timber-First Policies: A Systematic Literature Review.” Mass Timber Construction Journal 2 (March): 8–14. https://journalmtc.com/index.php/mtcj/article/view/18.

Miljø-Direktoratet (Norwegian Environment Agency). 2019. “Sales of Advanecd Biofuels Increased Last Year.” May 3. https://www.miljodirektoratet.no/aktuelt/nyheter/2019/mai-2019/salget-av-avansert-biodrivstoff-okte-i-fjor/.

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis. Washington, DC: Island. http://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.356.aspx.pdf.

Mittermeier, R.A., W.R. Turner, F.W. Larsen, T.M. Brooks, and C. Gascon. 2011. “Global Biodiversity Conservation: The Critical Role of Hotspots.” In Biodiversity Hotspots: Distribution and Protection of Conservation Priority Areas, edited by F.E. Zachos and J.C. Habel, 3–22. Berlin: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20992-5_1.

MMSD (Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District). 2020. “MMSD Accelerating Green Program to Reduce Overflows and Protect Lake Michigan.” January 27. https://www.mmsd.com/about-us/news/mmsd-community-based-green-infrastructure-program-2020.

Mohajerani, A., J. Bakaric, and T. Jeffrey-Bailey. 2017. “The Urban Heat Island Effect, Its Causes, and Mitigation, with Reference to the Thermal Properties of Asphalt Concrete.” Journal of Environmental Management 197 (July): 522–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.03.095.

Monasterolo, M., M.L. Musicante, G.R. Valladares, and A. Salvo. 2015. “Soybean Crops May Benefit from Forest Pollinators.” Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 202 (April): 217–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.01.012.

Monath, T.P., and P.F.C. Vasconcelos. 2015. “Yellow Fever.” Journal of Clinical Virology 64 (March): 160–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2014.08.030.

Montgomery County Government. 2017. Montgomery County Tree Canopy Law 2017 Annual Report. Rockville, MD: Montgomery County Government. https://www.montgomerycountymd.gov/DEP/Resources/Files/ReportsandPublications/Trees%20%26%20Air/Trees/County%20Reports/2017-Annual-Report.pdf.

Moore, J.C. 2018. “Predicting Tipping Points in Complex Environmental Systems.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115 (4): 635–36. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1721206115.

Mora, C., D.P. Tittensor, S. Adl, A.G.B. Simpson, and B. Worm. 2011. “How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean?” PLoS Biology 9 (8): e1001127. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127.

Morakinyo, T.E., A.A. Balogun, and O.B. Adegun. 2013. “Comparing the Effect of Trees on Thermal Conditions of Two Typical Urban Buildings.” Urban Climate 3 (May): 76–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2013.04.002.

Morandin, L.A., and M.L. Winston. 2006. “Pollinators Provide Economic Incentive to Preserve Natural Land in Agroecosystems.” Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 116 (3–4): 289–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.02.012.

Moussa, S., B. Kyereh, A. Tougiani, S. Kuyah, and M. Saadou. 2019. “West African Sahelian Cities As Source of Carbon Stocks: Evidence from Niger.” Sustainable Cities and Society 50 (October): 101653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101653.

Mullaney, J., T. Lucke, and S.J. Trueman. 2015. “A Review of Benefits and Challenges in Growing Street Trees in Paved Urban Environments.” Landscape and Urban Planning 134 (February): 157–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.10.013.

Myers, N., R.A. Mittermeier, C.G. Mittermeier, G.A.B. da Fonseca, and J. Kent. 2000. “Biodiversity Hotspots for Conservation Priorities.” Nature 403 (February): 853–58. https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501.

Nabuurs, G.J., O. Masera, K. Andrasko, P. Benitez-Ponce, R. Boer, M. Dutschke, E. Elsiddig, J. Ford-Robertson, et al. 2007. “Forestry.” In Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by B. Metz, O.R. Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R. Dave, and L.A. Meyer, 540–84. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ar4-wg3-chapter9-1.pdf.

Nargi, L. 2019. “The Miyawaki Method: A Better Way to Build Forests?” JSTOR Daily (blog), July 24. https://daily.jstor.org/the-miyawaki-method-a-better-way-to-build-forests/.

Natarajan, R. 2017. “Medellin.” Flickr. https://flic.kr/p/23eGTEr.

Natural Capital Project n.d. “InVEST.” Stanford University. https://naturalcapitalproject.stanford.edu/software/invest. Accessed October 7, 2021.

Neary, D.G., G.G. Ice, and C.R. Jackson. 2009. “Linkages between Forest Soils and Water Quality and Quantity.” Forest Ecology and Management 258 (10): 2269–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.05.027.

Nero, B.F., D. Callo-Concha, and M. Denich. 2018. “Structure, Diversity, and Carbon Stocks of the Tree Community of Kumasi, Ghana.” Forests 9 (9): 519. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9090519.

Nesbitt, L., N. Hotte, S. Barron, J. Cowan, and S.R.J. Sheppard. 2017. “The Social and Economic Value of Cultural Ecosystem Services Provided by Urban Forests in North America: A Review and Suggestions for Future Research.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 25 (July): 103–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2017.05.005.

Newman, D.J., and G.M. Cragg. 2012. “Natural Products as Sources of New Drugs over the 30 Years from 1981 to 2010.” Journal of Natural Products 73 (3): 311–35. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1021/np200906s.

Ngulani, T., and C.M. Shackleton. 2019. “Use of Public Urban Green Spaces for Spiritual Services in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 38 (February): 97–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2018.11.009.

Nicholls, C.I., and M.A. Altieri. 2013. “Plant Biodiversity Enhances Bees and Other Insect Pollinators in Agroecosystems: A Review.” Agronomy for Sustainable Development 33 (April): 257–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-012-0092-y.

Nicolaou, L., and W. Checkley. 2021. “Inequities in Air Pollution Exposure and Gaps in Air Quality Monitoring.” Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 148 (1): 64–66. https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(21)00653-9/abstract.

Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J. 2018. “Influence of Urban and Transport Planning and the City Environment on Cardiovascular Disease.” Nature Reviews Cardiology 15 (7): 432–38. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41569-018-0003-2.

Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J., H. Khreis, M. Triguero-Mas, M. Gascon, and P. Dadvand. 2017. “Fifty Shades of Green.” Epidemiology 28 (1): 63–71. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000000549.

NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). 2021. “It’s Official: July Was Earth’s Hottest Month on Record.” August 13. https://www.noaa.gov/news/its-official-july-2021-was-earths-hottest-month-on-record.

NOAA. n.d. “Air-Sea Fluxes.” Ocean Climate Stations. https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/ocs/air-sea-fluxes. Accessed May 6, 2020.

Nobre, C.A., and L.D.S. Borma. 2009. “‘Tipping Points’ for the Amazon Forest.” Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 1 (1): 28–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2009.07.003.

Nowak, D.J., N. Appleton, A. Ellis, and E. Greenfield. 2017. “Residential Building Energy Conservation and Avoided Power Plant Emissions by Urban and Community Trees in the United States.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 21 (January): 158–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2016.12.004.

Nowak, D.J., and D.E. Crane. 2002. “Carbon Storage and Sequestration by Urban Trees in the USA.” Environmental Pollution 116 (3): 381–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00214-7.

Nowak, D.J., and J.F. Dwyer. 2007. “Understanding the Benefits and Costs of Urban Forest Ecosystems.” In Urban and Community Forestry in the Northeast, edited by J.E. Kuser, 25–46. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4289-8_2.

Nowak, D.J., and E.J. Greenfield. 2018a. “Declining Urban and Community Tree Cover in the United States.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 32 (May): 32–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2018.03.006.

Nowak, D.J., and E.J. Greenfield. 2018b. “US Urban Forest Statistics, Values, and Projections.” Journal of Forestry 116 (2): 164–77. https://doi.org/10.1093/jofore/fvx004.

Nowak, D.J., and E.J. Greenfield. 2020. “The Increase of Impervious Cover and Decrease of Tree Cover within Urban Areas Globally (2012–2017).” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 49 (March): 126638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126638.

Nowak, D.J., E.J. Greenfield, and R.M. Ash. 2019. “Annual Biomass Loss and Potential Value of Urban Tree Waste in the United States.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 46 (December): 126469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2019.126469.

Nowak, D.J., E.J. Greenfield, R.E. Hoehn, and E. Lapoint. 2013. “Carbon Storage and Sequestration by Trees in Urban and Community Areas of the United States.” Environmental Pollution 178 (July): 229–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.019.

Nowak, D.J., S. Hirabayashi, A. Bodine, and E. Greenfield. 2014. “Tree and Forest Effects on Air Quality and Human Health in the United States.” Environmental Pollution 193 (October): 119–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.05.028.

Nowak, D.J., J.C. Stevens, S.M. Sisinni, and C.J. Luley. 2002. “Effects of Urban Tree Management and Species Selection on Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide.” Journal of Arboriculture 28 (3). https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/18815.

NPS (National Park Service). 2019. “Yellowstone National Park: Park Facts.” https://www.nps.gov/yell/planyourvisit/parkfacts.htm.

NRC (National Research Council). 1999. “The Values of Biodiversity.” Chapter 3 of Perspectives on Biodiversity: Valuing Its Role in an Everchanging World. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK224412/.

Nussbaumer, T. 2003. “Combustion and Co-combustion of Biomass: Fundamentals, Technologies, and Primary Measures for Emission Reduction.” Energy Fuels 17 (6): 1510–21. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef030031q.

Nwanevu, O. 2019. “A New Generation of Activists Confronts the Extinction Crisis.” New Yorker, May 13. https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/a-new-generation-of-activists-confronts-the-extinction-crisis.

NYC (New York City) Audubon. n.d. “Our Work: Conservation.” http://nycaudubon.org/conservation. Accessed September 3, 2020.

NYC (New York City) Department of Parks & Recreation. n.d. “Gardening with New York City Native Plants.” https://naturalareasnyc.org/media/pages/in-print/research/8cf424230f-1601408873/nrg_publication_gardening_with_nyc_native_plants.pdf. Accessed September 3, 2020.

O’Brien, L., R. De Vreese, M. Kern, T. Sievanen, B. Stojanova, and E. Atmis. 2017. “Cultural Ecosystem Benefits of Urban and Peri-urban Green Infrastructure across Different European Countries.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 24 (May): 236–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2017.03.002.

Öckinger, E., and H.G. Smith. 2007. "Semi-natural Grasslands as Population Sources for Pollinating Insects in Agricultural Landscapes.” Journal of Applied Ecology 44 (1): 50–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01250.x.

Oh, B., K.J. Lee, C. Zaslawski, A. Yeung, D. Rosenthal, L. Larkey, and M. Back. 2017. “Health and Well-Being Benefits of Spending Time in Forests: Systematic Review.” Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine 22 (October): 71. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-017-0677-9.

Okyerefo, M.P.K., and D.Y. Fiaveh. 2017. “Prayer and Health-Seeking Beliefs in Ghana: Understanding the ‘Religious Space’ of the Urban Forest.” Health Sociology Review 26 (3): 308–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/14461242.2016.1257360.

Oliver, C.D., N.T. Nassar, B.R. Lippke, and J.B. McCarter. 2014. “Carbon, Fossil Fuel, and Biodiversity Mitigation with Wood and Forests.” Journal of Sustainable Forestry 33 (3): 248–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2013.839386.

Oliver, T.H., M.S. Heard, N.J.B. Isaac, D.B. Roy, D. Procter, F. Eigenbrod, R. Freckleton, et al. 2015. “Biodiversity and Resilience of Ecosystem Functions.” Trends in Ecology & Evolution 30 (11): 673–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2015.08.009.

Olivero, J., J.E. Fa, R. Real, A.L. Márquez, M.A. Farfán, J.M. Vargas, D. Gaveau, et al. 2017. "Recent Loss of Closed Forests Is Associated with Ebola Virus Disease Outbreaks.” Scientific Reports 7 (October): 14291. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-14727-9.

Ollerton, J. 2017. “Pollinator Diversity: Distribution, Ecological Function, and Conservation.” Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 48 (1): 353–76. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110316-022919.

Ollerton, J., R. Winfree, and S. Tarrant. 2011. “How Many Flowering Plants Are Pollinated by Animals?” Oikos 120 (3): 321–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18644.x.

Olsson, L., H. Barbosa, S. Bhadwal, A. Cowie, K. Delusca, D. Flores-Renteria, K. Hermans, et al. 2019. “Land Degradation.” In Climate Change and Land: An IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems, edited by P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, E. Calvo Buendia, V. Masson-Delmotte, H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, P. Zhai, et al., 345–46. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/4/2019/11/07_Chapter-4.pdf.

Oppenheimer, M., B.C. Glavovic, J. Hinkel, R. van de Wal, A.K. Magnan, A. Abd-Elgawad, R. Cai, et al. 2019b. “Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low-Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities.” In IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, edited by H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, et al., 321–45. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157964.006.

Ordóñez, C., and P.N. Duinker. 2013. “An Analysis of Urban Forest Management Plans in Canada: Implications for Urban Forest Management.” Landscape and Urban Planning 116 (August): 36–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.04.007.

O’Sullivan, F. 2017. “Built-Out Barcelona Makes Space for an Urban Forest.” Bloomberg CityLab, May 17. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-05-17/how-built-out-barcelona-found-space-for-an-urban-forest.

Ozment, S., R. Feltran-Barbieri, P. Hamel, E. Gray, J. Baladelli Ribeiro, S. Roiphe Barreto, A. Padovezi, and T. Piazzetta Valente. 2018. Natural Infrastructure in São Paulo's Water System. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. https://www.wri.org/research/natural-infrastructure-sao-paulos-water-system.

Pan, Y., R.A. Birdsey, J. Fang, R. Houghton, P.E. Kauppi, W.A. Kurz, O.L. Phillips, et al. 2011. “A Large and Persistent Carbon Sink in the World’s Forests.” Science 333 (6045): 988–93. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1201609.

Parks, R., M. McLaren, R. Toumi, and U. Rivett. 2019. “Experiences and Lessons in Managing Water from Cape Town.” Grantham Institute Briefing Paper 29. London: Grantham Institute, Imperial College London. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336681159_Experiences_and_lessons_in_managing_water_from_Cape_Town.

Parque Nacional da Serra dos Orgãos. n.d. "Atributos Naturais.” Accessed May 11, 2021. https://www.icmbio.gov.br/parnaserradosorgaos/atributos-naturais.html.

Parque Nacional da Tijuca. n.d. "Informações Gerais." Accessed May 11, 2021. https://www.icmbio.gov.br/parnatijuca/informacoes-gerais.html.

Pataki, D.E., M.M. Carreiro, J. Cherrier, N.E. Grulke, V. Jennings, S. Pincetl, R.V. Pouyat, T.H. Whitlow, and W.C. Zipperer. 2011a. “Coupling Biogeochemical Cycles in Urban Environments: Ecosystem Services, Green Solutions, and Misconceptions.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 9 (1): 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1890/090220.

Payn, T., J.-M. Carnus, P. Freer-Smith, M. Kimberley, W. Kollert, S. Liu, C. Orazio, L. Rodriguez, L.N. Silva, and M.J. Wingfield. 2015. “Changes in Planted Forests and Future Global Implications.” In “Changes in Global Forest Resources from 1990 to 2015,” edited by K. MacDicken, special issue, Forest Ecology and Management 352 (September): 57–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.06.021.

Pearce, F. 2018. “Conflicting Data: How Fast Is the World Losing Its Forests?” Yale Environment 360. October 9. https://e360.yale.edu/features/conflicting-data-how-fast-is-the-worlds-losing-its-forests.

Pearson, T.R.H., S. Brown, L. Murray, and G. Sidman. 2017. “Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Tropical Forest Degradation: An Underestimated Source.” Carbon Balance and Management 12 (February): 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-017-0072-2.

Peen, J., R.A. Schoevers, A.T. Beekman, and J. Dekker. 2010. “The Current Status of Urban-Rural Differences in Psychiatric Disorders.” Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 121 (2): 84–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01438.x.

Pendrill, F., U.M. Persson, J. Godar, and T. Kastner. 2019. “Deforestation Displaced: Trade in Forest-Risk Commodities and the Prospects for a Global Forest Transition.” Environmental Research Letters 14 (5): 055003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab0d41.

Pendrill, F., U.M. Persson, J. Godar, T. Kastner, D. Moran, S. Schmidt, and R. Wood. 2019. “Agricultural and Forestry Trade Drives Large Share of Tropical Deforestation Emissions.” Global Environmental Change 56 (May): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.03.002.

Perez-Aleman, P., and M. Sandilands. 2008. “Building Value at the Top and the Bottom of the Global Supply Chain: MNC-NGO Partnerships.” California Management Review 51 (1): 24–49. https://doi.org/10.2307/41166467.

Phelan, P.E., K. Kaloush, M. Miner, J. Golden, B. Phelan, H. Silva, and R.A. Taylor. 2015. “Urban Heat Island: Mechanisms, Implications, and Possible Remedies.” Annual Review of Environment and Resources 40 (1): 285–307. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-102014-021155.

Phillips, M., S.B. Francisco, S. Wilson, P. Langer, L. Jarvis, and N. Garcia. Forthcoming. “Forest Footprint for Cities: Methods for Estimating Deforestation and Associated CO2 Emissions Embodied in Products Consumed in Cities.” Technical Note. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

Phillips, T.H., M.E. Baker, K. Lautar, I. Yesilonis, and M.A. Pavao-Zuckerman. 2019. “The Capacity of Urban Forest Patches to Infiltrate Stormwater Is Influenced by Soil Physical Properties and Soil Moisture.” Journal of Environmental Management 246 (September): 11–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.05.127.

Pimm, S.L., C.N. Jenkins, R. Abell, T.M. Brooks, J.L. Gittleman, L.N. Joppa, P.H. Raven, C.M. Roberts, and J.O. Sexton. 2014. “The Biodiversity of Species and Their Rates of Extinction, Distribution, and Protection.” Science 344 (6187). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1246752.

Piotto, D., D. Craven, F. Montagnini, and A. Federico. 2010. “Silvicultural and Economic Aspects of Pure and Mixed Native Tree Species Plantations on Degraded Pasturelands in Humid Costa Rica.” New Forests 39 (May): 369–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-009-9177-0

Poe, M.R., R.J. McLain, M. Emery, and P.T. Hurley. 2013. “Urban Forest Justice and the Rights to Wild Foods, Medicines, and Materials in the City.” Human Ecology 41 (June): 409–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-013-9572-1.

Pool, J.R., D. Gibbs, S. Alexander, and N. Harris. 2022. “5 Reasons Cities Should Include Trees in Climate Action” Insights (blog), July 28. https://www.wri.org/insights/urban-trees-city-climate-action.

Poorter, L., F. Bongers, T.M. Aide, A.M. Almeyda Zambrano, P. Balvanera, J.M. Becknell, V. Boukili, et al. 2016. “Biomass Resilience of Neotropical Secondary Forests.” Nature 530 (7589): 211–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16512.

Poorter, L., M.T. van der Sande, J. Thompson, E.J.M.M. Arets, A. Alarcón, J. Álvarez-Sánchez, N. Ascarrunz, et al. 2015. “Diversity Enhances Carbon Storage in Tropical Forests: Carbon Storage in Tropical Forests.” Global Ecology and Biogeography 24 (11): 1314–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12364.

Postel, S.L., and B.H. Thompson. 2005. “Watershed Protection: Capturing the Benefits of Nature’s Water Supply Services.” Natural Resources Forum 29 (2): 98–108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-8947.2005.00119.x.

Potgieter, L.J., M. Gaertner, C. Kueffer, B.M.H. Larson, S.W. Livingstone, P.J. O’Farrell, and D.M. Richardson. 2017. “Alien Plants as Mediators of Ecosystem Services and Disservices in Urban Systems: A Global Review.” Biological Invasions 19 (December): 3571–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-017-1589-8.

Potts, S.G., J.C. Biesmeijer, C. Kremen, P. Neumann, O. Schweiger, and W.E. Kunin. 2010. “Global Pollinator Declines: Trends, Impacts and Drivers.” Trends in Ecology & Evolution 25 (6): 345–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2010.01.007.

Potts, S.G., V. Imperatriz-Fonseca, H.T. Ngo, M.A. Aizen, J.C. Biesmeijer, T.D. Breeze, L.V. Dicks, et al. 2016. “Safeguarding Pollinators and Their Values to Human Well-Being.” Nature 540 (December): 220–29. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature20588.

Potvin, C., L. Mancilla, N. Buchmann, J. Monteza, T. Moore, M. Murphy, Y. Oelmann, et al. 2011. “An Ecosystem Approach to Biodiversity Effects: Carbon Pools in a Tropical Tree Plantation.” In “The Ecology and Ecosystem Services of Native Trees: Implications for Reforestation and Land Restoration in Mesoamerica,” edited by J.S. Hall, M.S. Ashton, and E.J. Garen, special issue, Forest Ecology and Management 261 (10): 1614–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.11.015.

Pougy, N., E. Martins, M. Verdi, J. Oliveira, D. Maurenza, R. Amaro, and G. Martinelli. 2014. “Urban Forests and the Conservation of Threatened Plant Species: The Case of the Tijuca National Park, Brazil.” Natureza & Conservação 12 (2): 170–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncon.2014.09.007.

Pozo, P., and I. Säumel. 2018. "How to Bloom the Green Desert: Eucalyptus Plantations and Native Forests in Uruguay beyond Black and White Perspectives.” Forests 9 (10): 614. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9100614.

Pramova, E., B. Locatelli, H. Djoudi, and O.A. Somorin. 2012. “Forests and Trees for Social Adaptation to Climate Variability and Change.” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Climate Change 3 (6): 581–96. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.195.

Pregitzer, C.C., S. Charlop-Powers, C. McCabe, A. Hiple, B. Gunther, and M.A. Bradford. 2019. Untapped Common Ground: The Care of Forested Natural Areas in American Cities. New York: Natural Areas Conservancy. https://naturalareasnyc.org/content/national/nac_careofurbannature_lores-singles.pdf?1553522646.

Pregitzer, K.S., and E.S. Euskirchen. 2004. “Carbon Cycling and Storage in World Forests: Biome Patterns Related to Forest Age.” Global Change Biology 10 (12): 2052–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00866.x.

Prevedello, J.A., M. Almeida-Gomes, and D.B. Lindenmayer. 2017. “The Importance of Scattered Trees for Biodiversity Conservation: A Global Meta-analysis.” Journal of Applied Ecology 55 (1). https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12943.

Pugh, T.A.M., M. Lindeskog, B. Smith, B. Poulter, A. Arneth, V. Haverd, and L. Calle. 2019. “Role of Forest Regrowth in Global Carbon Sink Dynamics.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 116 (10): 4382–87. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1810512116.

Pugh, T.A.M., A.R. MacKenzie, J.D. Whyatt, and C.N. Hewitt. 2012. “Effectiveness of Green Infrastructure for Improvement of Air Quality in Urban Street Canyons.” Environmental Science & Technology 46 (14): 7692–99. https://doi.org/10.1021/es300826w.

PUB (Public Utilities Board). 2022. “Singapore Water Story.” January 10. https://www.pub.gov.sg/watersupply/singaporewaterstory#:~:text=Water%20demand%20in%20Singapore%20is,sector%20taking%20up%20the%20rest.

PWD (Philadelphia Water Department). 2011. Green City, Clean Waters: The City of Philadelphia’s Program for Combined Sewage Overflow Control Program Summary. Amended. Philadelphia: PWD. http://archive.phillywatersheds.org/doc/GCCW_AmendedJune2011_LOWRES-web.pdf.

PWD. n.d. “Stormwater.” https://water.phila.gov/stormwater/. Accessed September 7, 2022.

Qin, Y., and T. Gartner. 2016. “Watersheds Lost Up to 22% of Their Forests in 14 Years. Here’s How It Affects Your Water Supply.” Insights (blog), August 30. https://www.wri.org/insights/watersheds-lost-22-their-forests-14-years-heres-how-it-affects-your-water-supply.

Rainforest Foundation Norway. 2012. Rainforest Foundation Norway Annual Report 2012. Oslo: Rainforest Foundation Norway. https://d5i6is0eze552.cloudfront.net/documents/Publikasjoner/Aarsmeldinger/Annual-Report-2012.pdf?mtime=20150905163958.

Randrup, T.B., E.G. McPherson, and L.R. Costello. 2001. “A Review of Tree Root Conflicts with Sidewalks, Curbs, and Roads.” Urban Ecosystems 5 (September): 209–25. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024046004731.

Raupp, M., A. Buckelew, and E. Raupp. 2006. “Street Tree Diversity in Eastern North America and Its Potential for Tree Loss to Exotic Borers.” Arboriculture and Urban Forestry 32 (6): 297–304. https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/catalog/27863.

Reid, W.V., and K. Miller. 1989. Keeping Options Alive: The Scientific Basis for Conserving Biodiversity. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

Revi, A., D.E. Satterthwaite, F. Aragón-Durand, J. Corfee-Morlot, R.B.R. Kiunsi, M. Pelling, D.C. Roberts, and W. Solecki. 2014b. “Urban Areas.” In Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by C.B. Field, V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea,T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, et al., 535–612. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap8_FINAL.pdf.

Reynolds, C.C., F.J. Escobedo, N. Clerici, and J. Zea-Camaño. 2017. "Does 'Greening' of Neotropical Cities Considerably Mitigate Carbon Dioxide Emissions? The Case of Medellin, Colombia." Sustainability 9 (5): 785. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9050785.

Ribeiro, M.C., A.C. Martensen, J.P. Metzger, M. Tabarelli, F. Scarano, and M.-J. Fortin. 2011. “The Brazilian Atlantic Forest: A Shrinking Biodiversity Hotspot.” In Biodiversity Hotspots: Distribution and Protection of Conservation Priority Areas, edited by F. Zachos and J. Habel, 405–34. Berlin: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20992-5_21.

Richardson, J.S., and S. Béraud. 2014. "Effects of Riparian Forest Harvest on Streams: A Meta-analysis.” Journal of Applied Ecology 51 (6): 1712–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12332.

Robine, J.-M., S.L.K. Cheung, S. Le Roy, H. Van Oyen, C. Griffiths, J.-P. Michel, and F.R. Herrmann. 2008. “Death Toll Exceeded 70,000 in Europe during the Summer of 2003.” Comptes Rendus Biologies 331 (2): 171–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2007.12.001.

Robinson, M.M., and X. Zhang. 2011. The World Medicines Situation 2011: Traditional Medicines— Global Situation, Issues and Challenges. Geneva: World Health Organization.

Rojas-Rueda, D., M.J. Nieuwenhuijsen, M. Gascon, D. Perez-Leon, and P. Mudu. 2019. “Green Spaces and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cohort Studies.” Lancet Planetary Health 3 (11): e469–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30215-3.

Roman, L.A., J.J. Battles, and J.R. McBride. 2014. “The Balance of Planting and Mortality in a Street Tree Population.” Urban Ecosystems 17 (2): 387–404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-013-0320-5.

Roman, L.A., and F.N. Scatena. 2011. “Street Tree Survival Rates: Meta-analysis of Previous Studies and Application to a Field Survey in Philadelphia, PA, USA.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 10 (4): 269–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2011.05.008.

Rook, G.A. 2013. “Regulation of the Immune System by Biodiversity from the Natural Environment: An Ecosystem Service Essential to Health.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110 (46): 18360–67. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1313731110.

Room & Board. 2018. “Salvaging Baltimore with the USDA Forest Service.” June 9. https://www.roomandboard.com/blog/2018/06/salvaging-baltimore-with-the-usda-forest-service/.

Rosa, C.D., C.C. Profice, and S. Collado. 2018. “Nature Experiences and Adults’ Self-Reported Pro-environmental Behaviors: The Role of Connectedness to Nature and Childhood Nature Experiences.” Frontiers in Psychology 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01055.

Rosenzweig, B.R., L. McPhillips, H. Chang, C. Cheng, C. Welty, M. Matsler, D. Iwaniec, and C.I. Davidson. 2018. “Pluvial Flood Risk and Opportunities for Resilience.” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Water 5 (6): e1302. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1302.

Roy, S., J. Byrne, and C. Pickering. 2012. “A Systematic Quantitative Review of Urban Tree Benefits, Costs, and Assessment Methods across Cities in Different Climatic Zones.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 11 (4): 351–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2012.06.006.

SaferSpaces. n.d. “Safe and Inclusive Parks in the Johannesburg Inner-City.” https://www.saferspaces.org.za/be-inspired/entry/inner-city-safer-parks-and-open-spaces-strategic-framework-end-street-north. Accessed December 12, 2020.

Salbitano, F., S. Borelli, M. Conigliaro, and Y. Chen. 2016. “Guidelines on Urban and Peri-urban Forestry.” Forestry Paper 178. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Salbitano, F., S. Borelli, M. Conigliaro, N.A. Yahya, G. Sanesi, Y. Chen, and G.T. Corzo. 2017. “Urban Forest Benefits in Developing and Industrializing Countries.” In Routledge Handbook of Urban Forestry, edited by F. Ferrini, C.C. Konijnendijk van den Bosch, and A. Fini. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315627106.ch10.

Salkeld, D.J., K.A. Padgett, and J.H. Jones. 2013. “A Meta-analysis Suggesting That the Relationship between Biodiversity and Risk of Zoonotic Pathogen Transmission Is Idiosyncratic.” Ecology Letters 16 (5): 679–86. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12101.

Salmond, J.A., M. Tadaki, S. Vardoulakis, K. Arbuthnott, A. Coutts, M. Demuzere, K.N. Dirks, et al. 2016. “Health and Climate Related Ecosystem Services Provided by Street Trees in the Urban Environment.” Environmental Health 15 (Suppl 1): S36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-016-0103-6.

Sampaio, M.B., M.F. De La Fuente, U.P. Albuquerque, A. da Silva Souto, and N. Schiel. 2018. “Contact with Urban Forests Greatly Enhances Children’s Knowledge of Faunal Diversity.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 30 (March): 56–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2018.01.006.

Sandifer, P.A., A.E. Sutton-Grier, and B.P. Ward. 2015. “Exploring Connections among Nature, Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services, and Human Health and Well-Being: Opportunities to Enhance Health and Biodiversity Conservation.” Ecosystem Services 12 (April): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.12.007.

Santamour, F.S. 2004. “Trees for Urban Planting: Diversity, Uniformity, and Common Sense.” In The Overstory Book: Cultivating Connections with Trees, edited by C.R. Elevitch, 2nd ed., 396–99. Holualoa, Hawaii: Permanent Agriculture Resources. http://www.agroforestry.net.

Sarath Chandran, M.A., A.V.M. Subba Rao, V.M. Sandeep, V.P. Pramod, P. Pani, V.U.M. Rao, V. Visha Kumari, and C. Srinivasa Rao. 2017. “Indian Summer Heat Wave of 2015: A Biometeorological Analysis Using Half Hourly Automatic Weather Station Data with Special Reference to Andhra Pradesh.” International Journal of Biometeorology 61 (June): 1063–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-016-1286-9.

Sassen, M., D. Sheil, and K.E. Giller. 2015. “Fuelwood Collection and Its Impacts on a Protected Tropical Mountain Forest in Uganda.” Forest Ecology and Management 354 (October): 56–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.06.037.

Säumel, I., F. Weber, and I. Kowarik. 2016. “Toward Livable and Healthy Urban Streets: Roadside Vegetation Provides Ecosystem Services Where People Live and Move.” Environmental Science & Policy 62 (August): 24–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2015.11.012.

Schwarz, K., M. Fragkias, C.G. Boone, W. Zhou, M. McHale, J.M. Grove, J. O’Neil-Dunne, et al. 2015. “Trees Grow on Money: Urban Tree Canopy Cover and Environmental Justice.” PLoS ONE 10 (4): e0122051. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122051.

Searcey, D. 2018. “Across Senegal, the Beloved Baobab Tree Is the ‘Pride of the Neighborhood.’” New York Times, September 30. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/30/world/africa/senegal-baobabs-climate-change.html.

Searchinger, T., and R. Heimlich. 2015. “Avoiding Bioenergy Competition for Food Crops and Land.” Working Paper. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. https://www.wri.org/research/avoiding-bioenergy-competition-food-crops-and-land.

Searchinger, T., J. Zionts, L. Peng, and R. Waite. Forthcoming. “The Global Land Squeeze: Managing the Growing Competition for Land.” Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

Searchinger, T.D., T. Beringer, B. Holtsmark, D.M. Kammen, E.F. Lambin, W. Lucht, P. Raven, and J.-P. van Ypersele. 2018. “Europe’s Renewable Energy Directive Poised to Harm Global Forests.” Nature Communications 9 (1): 3741. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06175-4.

Searchinger, T.D., S.P. Hamburg, J. Melillo, W. Chameides, P. Havlik, D.M. Kammen, G.E. Likens, et al. 2009. “Fixing a Critical Climate Accounting Error.” Science 326 (5952): 527–28. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1178797.

Seddon, N., A. Chausson, P. Berry, C.A.J. Girardin, A. Smith, and B. Turner. 2020. “Understanding the Value and Limits of Nature-Based Solutions to Climate Change and Other Global Challenges.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375 (1794): 20190120. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0120.

Seddon, N., B. Turner, P. Berry, A. Chausson, and C.A.J. Girardin. 2019. “Grounding Nature-Based Climate Solutions in Sound Biodiversity Science.” Nature Climate Change 9 (2): 84–87. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0405-0.

SEDEMA (Secretaría del Medio Ambiente). n.d. “Explora el Arbolado de la 1ra Sección del Bosque de Chapultepec." http://www.data.sedema.cdmx.gob.mx/arboladochapultepec/. Accessed June 13, 2022.

Sen, T., and S.K. Samanta. 2015. “Medicinal Plants, Human Health and Biodiversity: A Broad Review.” In Biotechnological Applications of Biodiversity, edited by J. Mukherjee, 59–110. Berlin: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/10_2014_273.

Seneviratne, S.I., N. Nicholls, D. Easterling, C.M. Goodess, S. Kanae, J. Kossin, Y. Luo, et al. 2012. “Changes in Climate Extremes and Their Impacts on the Natural Physical Environment.” In Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation: A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by C.B. Field, V. Barros, T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, D.J. Dokken, K.L. Ebi, M.D. Mastrandrea, et al., 109–230. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139177245.006.

Sengupta, S. 2019. “Protesting Climate Change, Young People Take to Streets in a Global Strike.” New York Times, September 21. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/20/climate/global-climate-strike.html.

Seto, K.C., S. Dhakal, A. Bigio, H. Blanco, G.C. Delgado, D. Dewar, L. Huang, et al. 2014. “Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning.” In Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by O. Edenhofer, R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, A. Adler, et al., 923–1000. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ipcc_wg3_ar5_chapter12.pdf.

Seto, K.C., M. Fragkias, B. Güneralp, and M.K. Reilly. 2011. “A Meta-analysis of Global Urban Land Expansion.” PLoS ONE 6 (8): e23777. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0023777.

Seymour, F., and J. Busch. 2016. Why Forests? Why Now? The Science, Economics, and Politics of Tropical Forests and Climate Change. Washington, DC: Center for Global Development.

Seymour, F., and P. Langer. 2021. “Consideration of Nature-Based Solutions as Offsets in Corporate Climate Change Mitigation Strategies.” Working Paper. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. https://doi.org/10.46830/wriwp.20.00043.

Seymour, F., and B. Morris. 2018. “Ending Tropical Deforestation: The Global Debate about Biofuels and Land-Use Change.” Working Paper. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.