Locally Led Climate Adaptation

What Is Needed to Accelerate Action and Support?

Partners:

References

ADB (Asian Development Bank). 2017. Accelerating Sustainable Development: Investing in Community-Led Strategies for Climate and Disaster Resilience. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-documents/47228/47228-001-dpta-en_4.pdf.

ADB. 2019. Community Resilience Partnership Program: Supporting Investments in Resilience That Reach Scale while Ensuring No One Is Left Behind. Scoping Study.

Agrawal, A., C. Costella, N. Kaur, J. Tenzing, C. Shakya, and A. Norton. 2019. “Climate Resilience through Social Protection.” Background paper to the 2019 report of the Global Commission on Adaptation (GCA). Rotterdam and Washington, DC: GCA. https://cdn.gca.org/assets/2019-09/ClimateResiliencethroughSocialProtection.pdf.

Amerasinghe, N., J. Thwaites, G. Larsen, and A. Ballesteros. 2017. The Future of the Funds: Exploring the Architecture of Multilateral Climate Finance. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. https://wriorg.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/The_Future_of_the_Funds_0.pdf.

Archer, D., W. Monteith, H. Scottand, and S. Gawler. 2017. Developing City Resilience Strategies: Lessons from the ICLEI–ACCCRN Process. London: International Institute for Environment and Development. https://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/10816IIED.pdf.

Avina Foundation. 2017. Annual Report 2017. https://www.avina.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/2017-eng.pdf.

Balala, C.E. 2019. “COA Reminds LGUs on Usage of Calamity Funds.” Manila: Philippine Information Agency, Republic of the Philippines. https://pia.gov.ph/news/ articles/1025909.

Barnard, S. 2015. “Climate Finance for Cities: How Can International Climate Funds Best Support Low-Carbon and Climate Resilient Urban Development?” Working Paper 419. London: Overseas Development Institute. https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/9660.pdf.

Caravani, A., S. Greene, N. Canales Trujillo, and A. Amsalu. 2017. “Decentralising Climate Finance: Insights from Kenya and Ethiopia.” BRACED Working Paper. London: BRACED. https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/11804.pdf.

Chaudhury, M., T. Summerlin, and N. Ginoya. 2020. Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation in Kenya: Lessons from Makueni and Wajir Counties. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. https://www.wri.org/publication/mainstreaming-climate-change-adaptation-kenya.

CIF (Climate Investment Funds). 2018. Microfinance for Climate Adaptation: From Readiness to Resilience. CIF Research Brief. https://www.climateinvestmentfunds.org/sites/cif_enc/files/knowledge-documents/micro-finance_research_brief.pdf.

Crick, F., C. Hesse, V. Orindi, M. Bonaya, and J. Kiiru. 2019. “Delivering Climate Finance at the Local Level to Support Adaptation: Experiences of County Climate Change Funds in Kenya.” Working Paper. Nairobi: Ada Consortium. https://pubs.iied.org/G04415/.

DCF Alliance. 2019. “The Devolved Climate Finance Mechanisms: Principles, Implementations and Lessons from Four Semi-arid Countries.” Working paper. The DCF Alliance.

De Coninck, S., J. Abrams, J. Dendura, U. Norbu, J. Steffensen, C.S. Tramunt, and H. Visser. 2018. Financing Local Adaptation to Climate Change: Experiences with Performance-Based Climate Resilience Grants, 2018. 2nd edition. New York: United Nations Capital Development Fund. https://www.uncdf.org/article/4685/experiences-with-performance-based-climate-resilience-grants-2018.

Dinshaw, A., and C. McGuinn. 2019. “Assessing the Effectiveness of Climate Resilience Grants to Local Governments in Least Developed Countries.” Working Paper. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. https://www.wri.org/publication/assessing-effectiveness-climate-resilience.

Fairman, D., C. Morris, M. Ferenz, T. Berkman, and A. Rowe. 2020. Local Stakeholder Engagement in the Climate Investment Funds: Evaluation Report. Cambridge, MA: Consensus Building Institute. https://www.climateinvestmentfunds.org/sites/cif_enc/files/knowledge-documents/evaluation_of_local_stakeholder_engagement_in_the_cif.pdf.

Floater, G., D. Dowling, D. Chan, M. Ulterino, J. Braunstein, T. McMinn, and E. Ahmad. 2018. Global Review of Finance for Sustainable Urban Infrastructure. Background Paper. London and Washington, DC: New Climate Economy Coalition for Urban Transitions. https://newclimateeconomy.report/workingpapers/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2018/01/NCE2017_CUT_GlobalReview_02012018.pdf.

GCA (Global Commission on Adaptation). 2019. Adapt Now: A Global Call for Leadership on Climate Resilience. https://gca.org/global-commission-on-adaptation/report.

GCF (Green Climate Fund). n.d. “GCF in Brief: Direct Access.” Accessed September 2020. https://www.greenclimate.fund/sites/default/files/document/gcf-brief-direct-access_0.pdf.

GCF. 2019. “GCF in Brief: Enhancing Direct Access.” https://www.greenclimate.fund/sites/default/files/document/gcf-brief-enhancing-direct-access_0.pdf.

GEF (Global Environment Facility). n.d. “GEF Small Grants Programme.” Accessed November 16, 2020. https://www.thegef.org/topics/gefsgp.

GEF and UNDP (Global Environment Facility and United Nations Development Programme). 2020. GEF Small Grants Programme (SGP) Annual Monitoring Report: Report Highlights, Reporting Year 2019–2020. Washington, DC, and New York: GEF and UNDP. https://sgp.undp.org//innovation-library/item/download/2205_1d69fda4cbdc7d69757158c48aeae072.html.

Hesse, C. 2016. “How Devolved Climate Finance Can Deliver Climate Resilience at Local Level.” News. International Institute for Environment and Development. https://www.iied.org/how-devolved-climate-finance-can-deliver-climate-resilience-local-level.

Huairou Commission. 2016. Huairou Commission: Annual Report 2014. Cabuyao, Philippines: Huairou Commission. https://huairou.org/old-file/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/HCAR2014.pdf.

IBP and UNDP (International Budget Partnership and United Nations Development Programme). 2018. Budgeting for a Greener Planet: An Assessment of Climate Change Finance Accountability in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and the Philippines. Washington, DC, and New York: IBP and UNDP. https://www.asia-pacific.undp.org/content/rbap/en/home/library/democratic_governance/budgeting-for-a-greener-planet.html.

IIED (International Institute for Environment and Development). 2017. Going Local: Fast Tracking Climate Finance to the Most Vulnerable. Background Paper. London: IIED. https://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/17441IIED.pdf.

IIED. 2020. “Calling for Business Unusual: Mechanisms for Delivering Change.” Briefing. London: IIED. https://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/17749IIED.pdf.

IIED. Forthcoming (2021). Adaptation as Business-Unusual: Endorsement of Principles for Locally-Led Adaptation Action. London: IIED.

IIED, Ada Consortium, Near East Foundation, Innovations Environment Africa, et al. 2017. Devolved Climate Finance: An Alliance of Government and Non-government Organisations Promoting Community-Prioritised Investment for Climate Adaptation. https://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/17440IIED.pdf.

IIED, United Nations Capital Development Fund, Ada Consortium, Near East Foundation, and Innovation, Environnement et Développement en Afrique. 2016. “Decentralising Climate Finance to Reach the Most Vulnerable.” https://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/G04103.pdf.

IPCC (International Panel on Climate Change). 2014. Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Core Writing Team: R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer [eds.]). Geneva, Switzerland: IPCC. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/.

Kapos, V., S. Wicander, T. Salvaterra, K. Dawkins, and C. Hicks. 2019. The Role of the Natural Environment in Adaptation. Background Paper for the Global Commission on Adaptation. Rotterdam and Washington, DC: Global Commission on Adaptation. https://cdn.gca.org/assets/2019-12/RoleofNaturalEnvironmentinAdaptation_V2.pdf.

Leavy, J., E. Boydell, S. McDowell, and B. Sladkova. 2018. Resilience Results: BRACED Final Evaluation. Building Resilience and Adaptation to Climate Extremes and Disasters (BRACED) Synthesis Paper. East Sussex, United Kingdom: Itad. https://itad.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/BRCJ6513-Final-Evaluation-report-1709-WEB.pdf

LIFE-AR (LDC Initiative for Effective Adaptation and Resilience). 2019. Delivering Our Climate-Resilient Future: Lessons from a Global Evidence Review. http://www.ldc-climate.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/web_LDCevidencereview.pdf.

Lorimer, E. 2019. Learning from Each Other in the Community Adaptation Small Grants Facility Project (South Africa). Adaptation Fund NGO Network. https://af-network.org/5445.

Madajewicz, M., A. Tsegay, and M. Norton. 2013. Managing Risks to Agricultural Livelihoods: Impact Evaluation of the HARITA Programme in Tigray, Ethiopia, 2009–2012. Evaluation Report. Addis Ababa: Oxfam America. https://s3.amazonaws.com/oxfam-us/www/static/media/files/Oxfam_America_Impact_Evaluation_of_HARITA_2009-2012_English.pdf.

Measham, T.G., B.L. Preston, T.F. Smith, C. Brooke, R. Gorddard, G. Withycombe, and C. Morrison. 2011. “Adapting to Climate Change through Local Municipal Planning: Barriers and Challenges.” Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 16: 889–909.

Mfitumukiza, D., A.S. Roy, B. Simane, A. Hammill, M.F. Rahman, and S. Huq. 2020. Local Action and Community-Based Adaptation. Background report for the Locally Led Action Track. Rotterdam and Groningen, The Netherlands: Global Commission on Adaptation.

Müller, B. 2013. “‘Enhanced (Direct) Access’ through ‘(National) Funding Entities’—Etymology and Examples.” Information Note on the Green Climate Fund Business Model Framework. Oxford: University of Oxford. https://oxfordclimatepolicy.org/sites/default/files/EnhancedDirectAccess-04-2013_0.pdf.

Musah-Surugu, I.J., A. Ahenkan, and J.N. Bawole. 2017. “Too Weak to Lead: Motivation, Agenda Setting and Constraints of Local Government to Implement Decentralized Climate Change Adaptation Policy in Ghana.” Environment, Development and Sustainability 21 (2): 587–607. DOI: 10.1007/s10668-017-0049-z.

Olhoff, A., B. Dickson, D. Puig, K. Alverson, and S. Bee. 2016. The Adaptation Finance Gap Report. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme. https://unepdtu.org/publications/the-adaptation-finance-gap-report/gap-report/.

Patel, S., M. Soanes, F. Rahman, B. Smith, and D. Steinbach. 2020. “Good Climate Finance Guide: Lessons for Strengthening Devolved Climate Finance.” Working Paper. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.

Reid, H. 2016. “Ecosystem- and Community-Based Adaptation: Learning from Community-Based Natural Resource Management.” Climate and Development 8 (1): 4–9. DOI: 10.1080/17565529.2015.1034233.

Reid, H., and S.S. Alam. 2014. “Ecosystem-Based Approaches to Adaptation: Evidence from Two Sites in Bangladesh.” Working Paper. London: International Institute for Environment and Development. https://pubs.iied.org/10115IIED/.

Resch, E., S. Allan, L. Giles Alvarez, and H. Bisht. 2017. Mainstreaming, Accessing and Institutionalising Finance for Climate Change Adaptation. Learning Paper. Oxford, United Kingdom: Action on Climate Today. http://www.acclimatise.uk.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/OPM_ACT_LP_finance_for_climate_change_adaptation_FFRG.pdf.

Restle-Steinert, J., T. Hausotter, S. Rudolph, A. Cochu, and D. Tänzler. 2019. Steering International Adaptation Finance towards the Local Level. Scoping Paper. Berlin: Adelphi. https://www.adelphi.de/en/system/files/mediathek/bilder/adelphi-2019_Scoping-Paper_Steering-AdaptFin-Towards-Local-Level.pdf.  

Rodriguez, H. 2010. “Community Resilience Fund: Partnering with Grassroots Women to Fast-Track Risk Reduction and Adaptation.” PPT Presentation. Cooperative Las Brumas, Huairou Commission, and GROOTS International. https://www.cbd.int/cooperation/pavilion/cancun-presentations/2010-12-9-Rodriguez-en.pdf.

Schermbrucker, N., S. Patel, and N. Keijzer. 2016. “A View from Below: What Shack Dwellers International (SDI) Has Learnt from Its Urban Poor Fund International (UPFI).” International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development 8 (1): 83–91. DOI: 10.1080/19463138.2015.1046075.

Smith, B., D. Brown, and D. Dodman. 2014. “Reconfiguring Urban Adaptation Finance.” Working Paper. London: International Institute for Environment and Development. https://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/10651IIED.pdf.

Soanes, M., C. Shakya, A. Walnycki, and S. Greene. 2019. Money Where It Matters: Designing Funds for the Frontier. Issue Paper. London: International Institute for Environment and Development. https://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/10199IIED.pdf.

Tenzing, J. 2020. “Integrating Social Protection and Climate Change Adaptation: A Review.” WIREs Climate Change 11 (2): e626. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.626.

Tye, S., J. Waslander, and M. Chaudhury. 2020. “Building Coastal Resilience in Bangladesh, the Philippines, and Colombia: Country Experiences with Mainstreaming Climate Adaptation.” Working Paper. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. www.wri.org/publication/building-coastal-resilience.

UNDP (United Nations Development Programme Bureau for Development Policy). 2010. Designing Climate Change Adaptation Initiatives: A UNDP Toolkit for Practitioners. New York: UNDP. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/951013_Toolkit%20for%20Designing%20Climate%20Change%20Adaptation%20Initiatives.pdf.

UNDP and GEF (United Nations Development Programme and Global Environment Facility Independent Evaluation Offices). 2015. Evaluation of the Small Grants Programme. New York and Washington, DC: UNDP and GEF. http://www.gefieo.org/sites/default/files/ieo/evaluations/sgp-2015-summary-eng.pdf.

UPFI (Urban Poor Fund International). n.d. “About the UPFI.” Accessed October 2020. http://upfi.info/about/.

Walnycki, A. 2015. “The Architecture of Aid.” London: International Institute for Environment and Development. https://www.iied.org/files/kiln/architecture-of-aid.html.

World Bank. n.d. “Ethiopia Climate Action through Landscape Management (CALM)—Technical Assessment.” Washington, DC: World Bank. Accessed August 2020. http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/154531558461396734/pdf/Final-Technical-Assessment-ETHIOPIA-CLIMATE-ACTION-THROUGH-LANDSCAPE-MANAGEMENT-PROGRAM-FOR-RESULTS-P170384.pdf.

World Bank. 2019. “To Meet Its Climate Resilience and Mitigation Goals, Ethiopia Gets a $500 Million Grant from the World Bank.” Semonegna. https://semonegna.com/ethiopia-climate-action-through-landscape-management-calm-program/.

World Bank. 2020. “Community-Driven Development.” Last updated October 1. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/communitydrivendevelopment#1.

Acknowledgments

We are pleased to acknowledge our institutional strategic partners that provide core funding to WRI: the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency.

The authors would like to thank many individuals—technical experts, civil society representatives, members of multilateral institutions such as the Asian Development Bank, and members of the Global Commission on Adaptation’s Locally Led Action Track—for their valuable insights and contributions in the consultation and interview stages of this research.

We would further like to thank Tamara Coger, Cristina Dengel, David Gibbs, Demetrio Innocenti, Gaia Larsen, Ayushi Trivedi, Sally Tyldesley, and Ani Waiba for their thoughtful feedback and comments during the peer review process for this paper. We are also grateful to Christina Chan and Cristina Rumbaitis del Rio for their insightful guidance and support at every stage of research, writing, and revising.

Start reading